Garta Xeer-Beegti. Garta Dhaqanka.
Marka laga hadlayo waxyaalaha ay dadku isku qaban-jireen ama isku qabtaan, waxa guud ahaan loo kala saaraa saddex qaybood oo waaweyn, waxayna kala yihiin.
Qadaf (Gef), Qabno (Adduun) iyo Qoomaal (Dhiig).
Saddexdan arrimood ayaa marka ay dhacaan laga gar-naqsadaan waxayse gartu u dhacdaa lab siyood ama ay noqotaa, waxayna kala yihiin: Garley ama Garowshiiyo-lay, markaa haddii ay garley noqoto waxa la furaa dood iyo dacawi ay wada galaan dhinacyada iska soo horjeeda, laakiin haddii ay noqoto garawshiiyaley waxa lagu saleeyaa ama loo maraa ama loogu magac-bixiyaa laba hal mid uun A) Curad ama Ugub, haddii ay arrintu la isku hayaa tahay wax hore u dhacay oo hore looga gar-naqay waxa la yidhaahdaa malaha arrintani wax ugub ah ee waa Curad, taas oo loola jeedo inay arrintan oo kale hore u dhacday, sidaa darteed waxa maaraynteeda loo eegaa wixii xeer ahaa ee dadka ama qabaa’ilka arrintu dhex-taal ammuurtan oo kale waxa lagu kala qaataa xeerkaa. Laakiin haddii ay arrinta dhacday ugub tahay, iyada oo ugub loo jeedo arrin aanu nooceeda oo kale hore uga dhicin, beesha ama beelaha dhexdooda, waxa xal u helideeda ka fekera, ka dib-na talo iyo go’aan ka gaadha ragga ay markaa dhextaal, ilayn waa tii hore loo yidhi: (Raq-ba waa ku rageed).
Ta kale marka aad garnaqsanayso ugu yaraan afar arrimood ayaad ku gar-waayi kartaa, kuwaas oo kala ah 1) Af-waa (hadal-garanwaa), 2) Hamrasho (dhiirasho la’aan), 3) cadayn la’aan iyo 4) iyada oo lagaa eexdo.
Cadaymuhu waa waxa ugu horeeya ee arrinta laga gar-qaadayo, rukunka koowaad u ah, laakiin haddii qiraale la helo, markaa looma baah-na wax cadayn ah, sida millad (Dhaar), markhaati iwm, isla markaana haddii la eego xiligan lagu jiro ee casriga loo yaqaan haddii arrinta loo helo cadaymo rasmi ah (Official Documents), markaa looma baahna markhaati iyo dhaartoona.
Hase yeeshee markhaatigu inta badan waa rug muduci, taas oo macnaheedu yahay inuu ninka muduciga ahi inta badan isagu xaq u leeyahay inuu keensado markhaatiyo, sidoo kale milladu inta badan waa rug madacaalay.
Ta kale qofka ama cidda muduciga ahi waxa uu dacwigiisa u qaybinaya laba qaybood (Two Chapters), waxayna labadaa qaybood kala yihiin A) Inuu hadalkaaga hore noqdo mid wax kuu qoda, taas oo ah inay iftiimiso ama bal-balaadhiso sida uu wax u leeyahay iyo qaybta labaad oo ah, inuu hadalku noqdo mid wax kaa gufeeya, taas oo ah sidii aad uga hortegi lahayd waxa uu ninka kaa soo horjeedaa damacsanyahay inuu kugu gar-waasiiyo.Garta Xeer-Beegti, Garta dhaqanka iyo xeerarka Somalida.
Madaacalaygu dacwadiisu waa mid uu isku difaacayo, wuxuuna ku sheeganayaa sida aan waxba loogu lahayn, isla markaana waxa uu ku dacwiyayaa in waxa lagu haysto uu isagu leeyahay, sidoo kale waxa uu dacwadiisa ka mid ah inuu duro oo uu gaashaanka u daruuro wixii uu muducigu ku hadlay, wuxuuna inta badan istcimaalaa ereyo ay ka mid yihiin, "Markhaatigii u fadhiyayow ka kac". , laakiin inay caynkaas iyo caynkaas tahay madacaalay baan ahay qordis iyo rugteedna waan ka fadhiyaa, "Hebel waxaa laguma qordiyo", taas oo uu ula jeedo marka ay gartu ambadeeda gaadho wixii uu madaacale jid u yeellan jiray ayaan diyaar u ahay. Tusaale ahaan nin baa nin kale saacad ka qaatay, iyadoo ay cidi la joogto (markhaati la joogo), ka dibna maalin dambe ayuu ninkii saacadda qaatay u celiyey ninkii saacadda lahaa, wuxuuna u dhiibay iyadoo aanay cidi la joogin oo ay labadooda oo qudha yihiin, dabadeedna ninkii saacadiisa loo celiyey ayaa yidhi ninkaa hebel saacad buu iga qaatay iimana soo celin, ka dibna gar baa loo qaaday, markaas ayuu ninkii muduciga ahaa yidhi "Inuu ninkaa hebel saacadaydii iga qaatay muduci baan ahay, markhaati iga furtana waan u haystaa, mar hadii ay caynkaa tahay ninkaa saacadaydii ayaan ka doonayaa rug muducina waan ka fadhiyaa", dabadeedna ninkii muducaalayga ahaa ayaa odhanaya "Inaan saacadaa qaatay markhaatigii u fadhiyayow ka kac, milladina iiguma timaado, inaanse u celiyey madaacalay baan ka ahay, qordi iyo rugteedana waan ka fadhiyaa", madacaaluhu waxa uu caynkaas u leeyahay hadii uu muduciga markhaatigu u furo, madaacalayguna markhaari waayo waxay noqonaysaa saacadii iska bixi oo milladi meesha iman mayso, markaa waa inuu xiribta (farsamadaa) sameeyaa madaacaluhu, hadii kale isagaa saacadii lagu leeyahay.
Hadaba waa maxay xiribi, ereyga xirib waxa laga soo dheegtay masalan hadii uu isha saxar kaaga dhaco waxa laga yaabaa inuu qarsoomo oo uu xiribta hoosteeda galo, halkaasna ku qarsoomo, taas darteed xiribtu waa tab qarsoon, laakiin xiribtu waxay noqotaa mid wanaagsan iyo mid dhinaca xun loo dhigo, tusaale ahaan marka xiribta wanaagsan laga hadlayo waxa ka mid ah, masalan nin baa waxa u soo hoyday 4 nin oo ay tol yihiin, abtirsiimo ahaan u siman, laakiin mid ka mid ah saddexdaa nin ayuu jecel yahay oo beerka kaga yaal, dabadeedna markii uu shaahii u soo kariyey ayaa ninkii uu jeclaa mooyee saddexdii kale waxa uu shaahii ugu soo shubay bakeeriyo, balse ninkii uu jeclaa intuu madiibad caano badan ku soo shubay ayuu yidhi waar reerku bakeeri afraad ma lahe madiibadaa adigu shaaha ku cab.
Waxa kale oo xiribta wanaagsan ka mid ah, masalan nin ay martiyi u soo hoyatay oo neef u qalay, dabadeedna isaga oo hilibkii googoynaya is yidhi xaasku yaanay kaa qadin, ka dibna intuu cad weyn gooyey oo uu ciidda ku riday yidhi naa kaa ciidda ku dhacay adigu qaado, laakiin nin gabadhu uu qabo laga fiican yahay oo ay yara doqontay ayaa beri odaygeedu markii uu sidaas oo kale ku yidhi naa cadkaa ciidda ku dhacay adigu qaado ay ku tidhi maxaan ku falaa cadka ciidda ku dhacay, dabadeedna wuxuu taa kaga jawaabay "Doqoni seeftii caro loogu riday sed-bursiinyo ma moodo".
GARTA XEER-BEEGTI.
Ninka garnaqasanayaa waa inuu hadalkiisa dhaabadeeyaa, waxna u cuskadaa ama si kale hadii aynu u nidhaahno ninku hadii aanu hadalkiisa lafayn (Rugayn) oo aanu markhaati ooggan ama odhan rugtaasaan arinta ka fadhiyaa ama aanu odhan weedho ay ka mid yihiin “garta hadii aanu waayo waan waayey, hadiise ay wax ii cadaadaan waan doonayaa (Waan u fadhiyaa) arintaasi waxa ay leedahay”, markaa hadii aanu ninka hadalkiisu siyaalahaa u dhicin waxa uu noqonayaa sheeko.
Ta kale marka la garamayo ama la dacwiyayo garta dhaqankeedu waxa weeye “Carrab eegato”, taas oo macneheedu yahay wixii uu ninku ku hadloodo ama afkiisa ka yidhaahdo ayuun baa wax loogu qabanayaa ama loogu gar-qaadayaa oo tusaale ahaan hadii aanad afkaaga ka odhan markhaati baan haystaa, guddidu markhaati kuma waydiin karto, isla markaana hadii adiga oo aan markhaati ooggan ay guddigu markhaati ku waydiiso taasi waxay noqonaysaa Eexasho. Sidoo kale xataa wallaha aan golihiisa joogin laguma gashi baxo oo masalan hadii uu nin kuu yimaaddo oo uu ku yidhaahdo walaahay hebel waxaas ayuu igu sameeyey , wallahaasi ma noqonayo mid lagu gashi baxo, ninka kalena kuma qaamoobo.
Waxa kale oo jirta wax la yidhaahdo “Daawo loo aamusay”, taas oo tusaale ahaan hadii ay dhawr nin oo ilmaadeer ah ama saaxiib ah oo mid ka mid ahi qof kale iska maago oo ay ilma-adeeradii ama saaxiibadii la hadli waayaan oo odhan waayaan maxaad ninka u maagaysaa waxay loo qaadanayaa wada qabasho dad-ban, Somaliduna waxay tidhaahdaa “Hadal kun isku ogtahay kow ma odhan waydo.”
Waxa kale oo xikmadaha Somalidu ku maahmaahdo ka mid ah “Inta guudka lihi amaano dumar ma gasho”, taas oo macneheedu yahay ama sida dhaqanku yahay inta guudka leh xaaskaaga laguuguma dhiibi karo.
Inta guudka leh waxa ka mid ah Faraska, sidaa darteed Faraska dumarku ma layl-yaan, ma fuulaan, kuma dagaalamaan, sidaa darteedna farasku ma galo amaano dumar.
Qoriga ayaa isna ka mid ah inta guudka leh, sidaa darteed qorigu amaano dumar ma galo.
Marka Awrka Raray-ga ah laga reebo geela intiisa kale ayaa isna ka mid ah inta guudka leh, sidaa darteedna ma galo amaano dumar.
Sidoo kale gabadhaada (Xaaska) oo dud-mo laga soo celiyey laguuguma dhiibi karo gabadhaada kale ee aad qabto.
Waxa kale oo jirta wax la yidhaahdo Ergo, laakiin Ergadu waxay u qaybsantaa mid la ajiibo (La yeelo) iyo mid la diido oo la yidhaahdo”waxa aad wadataan gar iyo garow toona kama ogolin”, iyadoo ay Ergadu tahay dad si toos ah ugu taga cid ay wax u sheeganayaan oo yidhaahda waxaas iyo waxaas ayaa nagaga kiin maqan ee waxaanu ergo islaameed idiinka nahay inaad na siisaan ama waxa kale oo ay noqonaysaa qolo cid wax tirsanaysa ka socota oo qolada wax laga tirsanayo gaadhsiisa fariin ay leedahay waar waxaas ayaa la idinka tirsanayaaye maxaad ka leedihiin, ka dibna wixii ay ku yidhaahdaan soo celiya, waxaana loo kala ergeeyaa laba qolo oo aan isu tegi karin oo ay colaadi dhextaal.
Waxaa kale oo jira wax la yidhaahdo “Dhoweeye”, ereyga dhoweeye waxa weeye nin arinta wax ka qabashadeeda laga leeyahay, laakiin gud-binteeda leh, kaas oo gaadhsiiya cidda wax ka qabashadeeda leh. Sidoo kale waxa jira dhameeye, kaas oo ah ninka arinta wax ka qabashadeeda leh ee aanay jirin cid kale oo uu isaga riixaa ama cid arinta ka leh oo uu isu dhaafiyaa.
Somalidu ergada waxay ka bixisay maahmaamo iyo odhaaho badan, sida “Ergo wixii La farona way geysaa, wixii la siiyana way cuntaa”.
Glossary of Somali
Terms
Anno Revenge killing by one clan or sub-clan against another in the
absence of diya payment.
Barax Broadly translated into English as ‘mixing’, it is a practice not
accepted by Somali shari’a courts as the distortion of Islamic law
through mixing with other sources of law.
Dhig Aspects of xeer guud which apply to penal matters, including
murder (qudh), aggression (qoon), and thievery (tuugo).
Dhaqasho Aspects of xeer guud which apply to civil matters, including issues
of family (xilo), private property (xoolo), territory (deegan), and
hospitality (maamuus).
Diya A main principle of xeer, this is the ‘blood compensation’ paid by
one diya group to another, usually in the form of livestock.
Diya group Small social units that take collective responsibility for their own
security, as well as undertaking an obligation to compensate
other groups for any harm committed by one of its members.
Dumal The practice of forcing marriage between a widow and a male
relative of her deceased husband.
Gar dawe A xeer proceeding that strictly applies customary law in an
adversarial manner to determine guilt and innocence.
Godobtir The practice of forcing marriage between a young girl and an
aggrieved clan as part of a diya payment.
Higsian The practice of forcing marriage between the sister of a deceased
wife and the widower.
Madani Neighbourhood-based ‘vigilant groups’ which arm themselves to
provide for local security.
Masalaxo A xeer proceeding that focuses on mediation to identify a
solution that is acceptable to all parties.
Mooryaan A social category for bandits and uncontrolled militia.
Shahad Solicitation of financial and material support by Somali
traditional elders.
Suluh Broadly translated into English as ‘resolution’, it is a practice
applied by Somali shari’a courts to integrate Islamic, traditional
and statutory laws into a single workable decision for a case.
Xeer Somali customary law.
Xeer begti Respected and qualified elders who are entrusted to maintain
knowledge of applying xeer.
Xeer gaar Specific aspects of xeer that regulate localised economic
production relations for clans and sub-clans specifically
involved in pastoralism, fishing, frankincense harvesting, etc.
Xeer guud Generally applicable aspects of xeer which are generally
applicable across all Somali clans, and regulate day-to-day
social life, civil and penal matters, and dispute settlement.
Xissi The most fundamental stipulations of xeer for which
unquestioned historical
adkaaday precedent exists.
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