descended from two Sheikhs ... the expansion of their descendents led to the dispersal of the Dir who traditionally preceded them in the northern Somaliland ... By the twelfth century, the Dir and the Daarood Somali were pressing upon their southern Galla neighbours and the great sequence of events which ultimately disestablished the latter in Somaliland was under way. The main lines of Somali penetration were either down the system of wells along the Indian Ocean Coast, or from the north-west down the valley of the Shebelle River and its tributaries. From the folk traditions analysed by Cerulli it appears that by the thirteenth century Somali from the north had penetrated southwards to the extent that the coastal area between the present ports of Itala and Merca was occupied by Hawiye Somali, while further South and towards the interior lay the Somali Jidu tribe (Digil-Sab), and finally to the west the Galla.
The Inferior Status of Sab Tribes As we have already mentioned, the main nomadic tribes of Somalia -- Hawiye, Dir, Issaq and Daarood -- consider themselves to be superior or "noble" tribes. They consider the Sab tribes, who are mainly agriculturalists and artisans, and the other tribes like Midgan, Tumal, Yibir, Chachi, etc., as inferior to them in social status. The "noble" tribes have been detesting cultivation and the artisans jobs which these people do. Lewis says, "The sab who practise these occupations form a minute fraction of the total population and, traditionally, were separated from other Somalis by restrictions on marriage and commensality."7
Saadia Touvel in her book "Somali Nationalism" says: "The social organization of the Sab is much more hierarchical and formal than that of the Samalee. The Sab are considered "less war-like, less individualistic, more cooperative and more biddable" than their Samali brethren. Between the Samali and the Sab there is some antipathy to the nomad, the Sab are massakiin, poor not so much in material wealth as in spirit. Their greater respect for authority and Government, founded in their agricultural economy, is at complete variance with the nomadic ideal of the independence of the warrier."8 According to Lewis: "... in contrast to northern nomadic society, there is greater social stratification among Sab."9 In general, three classes of landholders are recognised: Putative descendents of the Original Group. Most of these belong to Digil and Rahanwiin clans who possess the most secure rights to arable land. Longstanding Accreditations. Recently-adopted clients. Those in the second and third categories, especially the last, traditionally enjoy less-secure possession of land. "Membership in any clan is required by a client undertaking to accept all the obligations, including that of solidarity in the blood feud, binding his protectors. Only so long as these duties are fulfilled can a client traditionally continue to cultivate the land which he was been allotted by the hosts."10
They were as under:
1. Mohammed 4. Irir 7. Sarur 2. Hammer 5. Macarre 8. Sarire 3. Harriere 6. Saddi 9. Ismail Out of these nine sons, only two, Irrir and Ismail, produced children.
Irrir had two sons -- Hawiye and Higgi.
Irir Hawiye Higgi Hawiye had six sons:
1. Guggandable
3. Gurgate
5. Gimbelle
2. Karanle
4. Hasgal
6. Rarane Higgi had two sons: Dagale (Meaning "fighter") and Dir.
Higgi Dagale Dir Hawiye's third son was Dame, his son was Sarire, his son was Bardale, and Bardale's son was Herab.
Hawiye Sarire Bardale Herab Herab had 15 sons as under: 1. Hudden 6. Mudulod 11. Masoeik 2. Mahudan 7. Huddughen 12. Billan 3. Mahmud 8. Osman 13. Martille 4. Harmassor 9. Madarkeis 14. Samagialle 5. Ormagiallo 10. Barsane 15. Badi Of these 15 sons, only four -- Mahmud, Mudullod, Madarkeis and Martille -- had further progeny who became the founding ancestors of the may different Hawiye clans of today.
Somaale's eighth son Sarire had one son, Higgi, and Higgi had two sons, Dagalle and Dir, as mentioned above. Somaale Sarire Higgi Dagalle Dir Dir had three sons: 1. Mahe, 2. Madaitene, and 3. Del. Dir Mahe Madaitene Del Mahe had two sons: Surre and Madallug. Mahe Surre Madallug Surre's son was Hinifitere and Hinfitere's son was Mohammed. Mohammed had five sons: Surre Hinifitere Mohammed 1. Biomal 3. Kuranjobe 5. Dabrobe 2. Issaq 4. Musa One of Mohammed' sons was Biomal Mohammed, whose four sons were Dahow, Bahal, Ismin and Saliman Biomal Mohammed Dahow Bahal Ismin Saliman Ismin's three descendents were: 1. Habr Hara 2. Mallele 3. Habr Ghidir Higgi's son Dagalle had two sons, Digil and Mirifle. Higgi Dagalle Digil Mirifle Higgi's son Bills had nine sons who founded nine tribes, called Sidded (= 9), while Mirifle's son Sab had eight sons who founded either tribes called Sagal (= . Both of these tribes combined are even now called "Nine and Eight".
Since all the sons of Digil and Mirifle became robbers and very cruel people, they lost social esteem and social status, and gradually came to be looked down upon by the higher tribes.
It is believed by some Somalis that the earliest ancestor Somaale's ninth son Ismail had two sons Daarod and Isaq whose 12 sons were as under: 1. Migiurtin 5. Uarssangheli 9. Tanade 2. Ogaden 6 Abesgui 10. Gheimais 3. Dalbhante 7. Bertiri 11. Jusuf 4. Marehan 8. Cheri 12. Issa On the other hand, many Somalis think that Daarod and Issaqs are not related to Somaale, but they are descendents of Daarod and Issaq, who were religious leaders.
Issaq was succeeded by his 10 sons as under: 1. Aual 5. Ibrahim 9. Togiala 2. Garhagis 6. Musa 10. Aiub 3. Issa 7. Gadabursi 4. Burzac 8.
Arab One of the famous sons of Daarod was Ogaden, who was the ancestor of Somali Ogadens. He had two sons: Mekabul and Mirwuale. Mekabul had two sons, Habr Heli and Ibrahim, while Mirwuale's two sons were Ba Hale and Tallemoghe. Daarod Ogaden 1. Mekabul 2. Mirwuale 1. Mekabul Habr Heli Ibrahim 2. Mirwuale Ba Hale Tellemoghe
The Somali advance continued; and by 1909 the Daarood reached the Tana River where in the interests of the other inhabitants of Kenya their advance was arrested by the establishment of a fixed grazing area. This marked the end of the great series of migrations, which, over a space of some nine hundred years, had brought the Somali from their northern deserts into more fertile regions of central and southern Somalia and finally into the Northern Province of Kenya.
the memories of all the Somali people, travellers like Sir Richard Burton (who visited Northern Somalia during 1852-55) and Italian traveller Ing. Luigi Robecchi Bricchetti2 took considerable pains to collect and record for posterity the genealogies of the Somali tribes.
They were as under:
1. Mohammed 4. Irir 7. Sarur 2. Hammer 5. Macarre 8. Sarire 3. Harriere 6. Saddi 9. Ismail Out of these nine sons, only two, Irrir and Ismail, produced children. Irrir had two sons -- Hawiye and Higgi. Irir Hawiye Higgi Hawiye had six sons: 1. Guggandable 3. Gurgate 5. Gimbelle 2. Karanle 4. Hasgal 6. Rarane Higgi had two sons: Dagale (Meaning "fighter") and Dir. Higgi Dagale Dir Hawiye's third son was Dame, his son was Sarire, his son was Bardale, and Bardale's son was Herab. Hawiye Sarire Bardale Herab Herab had 15 sons as under: 1. Hudden 6. Mudulod 11. Masoeik 2. Mahudan 7. Huddughen 12. Billan 3. Mahmud 8. Osman 13. Martille 4. Harmassor 9. Madarkeis 14. Samagialle 5. Ormagiallo 10. Barsane 15. Badi Of these 15 sons, only four -- Mahmud, Mudullod, Madarkeis and Martille -- had further progeny who became the founding ancestors of the may different Hawiye clans of today. Somaale's eighth son Sarire had one son, Higgi, and Higgi had two sons, Dagalle and Dir, as mentioned above.
2. Somaale Sarire Higgi Dagalle Dir Dir had three sons: 1. Mahe, 2. Madaitene, and 3. Del. Dir Mahe Madaitene Del Mahe had two sons: Surre and Madallug. Mahe Surre Madallug Surre's son was Hinifitere and Hinfitere's son was Mohammed. Mohammed had five sons: Surre Hinifitere Mohammed 1. Biomal 3. Kuranjobe 5. Dabrobe 2. Issaq 4. Musa One of Mohammed' sons was Biomal Mohammed, whose four sons were Dahow, Bahal, Ismin and Saliman Biomal Mohammed Dahow Bahal Ismin Saliman Ismin's three descendents were: 1. Habr Hara 2. Mallele 3. Habr Ghidir Higgi's son Dagalle had two sons, Digil and Mirifle. Higgi Dagalle Digil Mirifle Higgi's son Bills had nine sons who founded nine tribes, called Sidded (= 9), while Mirifle's son Sab had eight sons who founded either tribes called Sagal (= . Both of these tribes combined are even now called "Nine and Eight". Since all the sons of Digil and Mirifle became robbers and very cruel people, they lost social esteem and social status, and gradually came to be looked down upon by the higher tribes. It is believed by some Somalis that the earliest ancestor Somaale's ninth son Ismail had two sons Daarod and Isaq whose 12 sons were as under: 1. Migiurtin 5. Uarssangheli 9. Tanade 2. Ogaden 6 Abesgui 10. Gheimais 3. Dalbhante 7. Bertiri 11. Jusuf 4. Marehan 8. Cheri 12. Issa On the other hand, many Somalis think that Daarod and Issaqs are not related to Somaale, but they are descendents of Daarod and Issaq, who were religious leaders. Issaq was succeeded by his 10 sons as under: 1. Aual 5. Ibrahim 9. Togiala 2. Garhagis 6. Musa 10. Aiub 3. Issa 7. Gadabursi 4. Burzac 8. Arab One of the famous sons of Daarod was Ogaden, who was the ancestor of Somali Ogadens. He had two sons: Mekabul and Mirwuale. Mekabul had two sons, Habr Heli and Ibrahim, while Mirwuale's two sons were Ba Hale and Tallemoghe. Daarod Ogaden 1. Mekabul 2. Mirwuale 1. Mekabul Habr Heli Ibrahim 2. Mirwuale Ba Hale Tellemoghe
References 1. I.M. Lewis, "A Pastoral Democracy", Oxford University Press, London, 1961, pp. 11-14. 2. Ing. Luigi Robecchi Bricchetti, "Viaggio di esplonazione nell 'Africa Orientale' ", Prime Traversata Della Somalia, Milano. 5. As matter of fact, from their traditions and cultural differences, it is clear that Somali have from the beginning been different from the Gall. All Somali believe so. 6. Lewis, Op. Cit., pp. 22-25. 7. I.M. Lewis, "The Modern History of Somaliland", 1965, p. 10. 8. Saadia Touval, "Somali Nationalism", 1963, p. 16. 9. I.M. Lewis, "The Modern History of Somaliland", p. 10-13. 10. Lewis, Op. Cit., p. 19. 11. I.M. Lewis, "A Pastoral Democracy", pp. 175 - 176. 12. Ibid., pp. 177-180. 13. Ibid., p. 174 14. I.M. Lewis, "Somali Culture, History and Social Instituions", London School of Economics & Political Science, 1931. 15. I.M. Lewis, "A Pastoral Democracy", pp. 211 - 212. 16. Lewis, Op. Cit., pp. 228 - 233. 17. Said S. Samatar, "Oral Poetry and Somali Nationalism", Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1981, pp. 2021.
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