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Sunday, August 26, 2012

DASTUURKA CUSUB IYO SHAREECADA ISLAAMKA dadkii ka qeyliyay oo dhan daawoastuurka Cusub: Cutubka 7aad Qaab-Dhismeedka Federaalka ee Jamhuuriyadda By VOA Somali










CUTUB 7AAD-QAABDHISMEEDKAFEDERAALKA EE JAMHUURIYADDA
Qodobka 55aad-Qaabdhismeedka Jamhuuriyadda
  1. (1) Soomaaliya waa Jamhuuriyad Federaali ah, taasoo dadku, si dimoqraaddi ah, ay awood ugu leeyihiin in ay ugu dhaqmaan madaxbannaanidooda heerarka kala duwan ee hay’adaha xukuumadda, iyadoo loo marayo hay’ado iyo habab u qalma dhaqankooda iyo baahidooda. Waxaa jira saddex heer oo dawladeed.
    (a) Heerka degaanka oo hay’adaha iyo qaybaha bulshadu ay noqonayaan asaaska xukuumadda, kana qaybgalyaan sameynta golayaasha dowladaha hoose ee ay tahay in la dhsio.
    1. (b) Heerka Dawlad-goboleed ku dhisan nidaam isdoorasho iyo isxisaabin sida uu dhigayo Dastuurkan iyo dastuurrada dawlad-goboleedyada oo dhan.
      (c) Heerka Dawladda Qaran ee Federaalka
  2. (2) Waxaa dastuurkan lagu qeexayaa hay’adaha iyo nidaamyada xukuumadda ee heerka federaalka iyo hay’adaha qaranka.
Qodobka 56-Mabaadi’da Federaalka Jamhuuriyadda
(1) Heerarka kale duwan ee Xukuumaduhu marka ay dhexdooda ka macaamilayaan iyo marka ay ku gudo-jiraan adeegsiga awoodda sharci-dejinta iyo awoodaha kale, waa in ay ilaailyaan mabaadi’ida federalinimada; kuwaas oo ah:
  1. (a) Heerarka xukuumadda tu’walba oo kamid ahi inay haysato taageerada dadweynaha.
  2. (b) Awoodda oo la siiyo heerka xukuumadeed ee si wax-ku-ool ah u gudan kara una isticmaali kara awooddaas.
  3. (c) Xiriir iskaashi iyo istaageerid labo-dhinacle ah oo u dhexeeya dawlad-goboleedyada dhexdooda iyo dawlad-goboleedyada iyo Dawladda federaaliga ah, si uu u jiro dareen midnimo qaran.
  4. (d) Qayb kasta oo Jamhuuriyadda ka tirsani in ay hesho isla adeegyada ay kuwa kalena helaan iyo, sidoo kale, waxqabad xukuumadeed oo waxtar leh.
  5. (e) Khayraadka dalka oo si siman loo qaybsado.
  6. (f) Dakhli-ururin oo laga sameeyo heerka ugu wax-ku-oolsan .
  7. (g) Khilaafaadka oo wadahadal iyo heshiis-raadin laguxalliyo.
Qodobka 57aad-Xiriirrada u Dhexeeya Heerarka Dawladda
  1. (1) Dowlad-goboleed kastaa waa inay ku dedaashaa xiriiri skaashi ku dhisan inay layeelato xukuumadaha ay isku heerka yihiin iyo kuwa heerarka kale. Xukuumad waliba waa inay ilaalisaa xuduudda awoodaheeda iyo awoodaha kuwa kale. Waa inay dhiirri-gelisaa xiriir saaxiibtinnimo oo ay yeeshaan xukuumadaha ka jira meelaha kale ee dalka iyo dadweynahooda. Xukuumad waliba waa inay hubisaa xukuumadaha kale inay ku war- gelisey siyaasadaha amaba hawlaha gudaha xuduuddeeda ka socda; kuwaas oo laga yaabo inay meelo kale saamayn ku yeelan karaan. Meeshii ay suuraggal tahayna waa in xukuumaduhu si wadajir ah ay mashaariic wadaag ah uga dhaqan-geliyaan.
  2. (2) Si loo helo xiriir iskaashi, waa in sharcigu jideeyo kulan-sannadeed ay isugu yimaadaan madaxda fulinta ee dowlad-goboleedyada iyo Dowladda federalku, si ay uga xaajoodaan, isuguna dubbo-ridaan qorshaha dawlad-goboleedyada iyo arrimaha la xiriira taageerada dowlad goboleedyada.
  3. (3) Waa waajib in la qabto kulannada masuuliinta heer dawlad-goboleed, marka laga hadlayo arrimo saamaynaya wax ka badan hal dawlad-goboleed sida biyaha, beeraha iyo waxbarashada.
  4. (4) Dawlad-goboleedyadu waxay lageli karaan heshiis qoraal ah dawladda Federaalka ah, iyaguna dhexdooda heshiis way kala saxiixan karaan. Hase ahaatee, heshiisyadaasi ma laha awood sharci, waxaase looga jeedaa inay noqdaan hab iskaashi oo keliya.
    Qodobka 58aad-Wada-xaajoodyada Dawliga ah
    1. (1) Iyadoo dareen iskaashi lagu shaqeynayo, waa in dawladda federalka ahi ay dawlad- goboleedyada kala tashataa wada-xaajoodyada la xiriira kaalmada dibedda, ganacsiga ama arrimaha kale ee muhiimka ah ee heshiisyada dawliga ah ku saabsan.
    2. (2) Halka ay wada xaajoodyadu ay si gaar ah u saamaynayaan danaha gaarka ah ee dowlad- goboleedyada, dawladda federalku haddii ay suurtagal tahay waa in ay ku dartaa ergada wada-xaajoodka gelaysa wakiilo ka socda dawlad-goboleedkaas.
    3. (3) Marka la gelayo wada-xaajoodyada, dawladda federaalka ahi waa inay tixgelisaa inay tahay wakiil lagu aamminey danaha dawlad-goboleedyada.
Qodobka 59aad-Dawladda Hoose iyo Maamulka
  1. (1) Dowladda federaalku waxay soo saaraysaa sharciyo lagu dhisayo qaabka iyo mabaadi’da hageysa dawladaha hoose.
  2. (2) Dawlad-goboleed kastaa waa in ay abuurto nidaam dawlad hoose oo waafaqsan habraaca sharci-dejinta federaalka.
  3. (3) Xukumadaha Dawlad-goboleedyadu waa in ay siiyaan dawladaha hoose awood ay ku mamulaan sharciga iyo barnamijyadooda, si waafaqsan mabda’a ( b) ee mabaadi’da federaalka ah ee ku xusan qodobka 56(1). Hawlaha waxaa loogu wareejinayaa goleyaasha dowladaha hoose si tartiib- tartiib ah oo la socota hadba koritaanka kartidooda. Sharci federaali ah ayaa tilmaami doona qaabdhismeedka ay u raaci doonaan dawlad-goboleedyadu awood-wareejin kasta oo ay dawladaha hoose ku wareejinayso xilalka.
  4. (4) Xukuumadda federaalka iyo kuwa dawlad-goboleedyadu waxay masuuliyadda maamulka sharciga iyo barnaamijyada ku wareejin karaan hay’adaha iyo bulshooyinka degaanka.
  5. (5) Hey’adaha iyo bulshada degaanka waa in la dhiiri-geliyaa, la taageeraa, lagana kaalmeeyaa sidii ay u gudan lahaayeen waajibaadka uu Dastuurku dusha ka saaray eek u saabsan dimoqraaddiyada iyo xuquuqda aadanaha.
    Qodobka 60aad-Qaybinta Awoodaha
  1. (1) Dowladda federaalku waxa ay awood u leedahay in ay Jamhuuriyada Soomaliya oo dhan u samayso sharciyo maamul-wanaagga ku saabsan, iyadoo raacaysa xuduudaha Dastuurka iyo awoodaha maamulidda sharciyadaas.
  2. (2) Dawlad-goboleed kastaa waxay awood u leedahay in ay samayso sharciyo maamul- wanaag ah oo iyada ku eg, iyadoo raacaysa xuduudaha Dastuurka iyo awoodaha maamulida sharciyadaas.
  3. (3) Awoodaha waxaa lagu qaybiyey Jadwalka 2aad oo ka kooban tax lagu muujinayo awoodaha la siiyey Dowladda federaalka, xukuumadaha dawlad-goboleedka ama si wadajir ah loo siiyey federaalka iyo dawlad-goboleedda.
  4. (4) Taxa Awoodaha u gaarka ah Dawladda federaalka waxaa fulin karaya oo keliya dawladda federaalka, haddii aanay cid kale u wakiilan sida ku xusan qodob kale oo ku jira cutubkan.
  5. (5) Taxa Awoodaha u gaarka aha Dawlad-goboleedka waxaa fulin karaya oo keliya dawlad- goboleedka, haddii aanay cid kale u wakiilan sida ku xusan qodob kale oo ku jira cutubkan.
  6. (6) Taxa awoodaha wadaagga ah ee federaliga waxaa ku wada dhaqmi kara dawladda federalka iyo dawlad-goboleedyada. Haddii ay dhacdo in khilaaf ka dhex dhasho sharciyada dawladda federaliga iyo dawlad-goboleedyada arrin kasta oo taxan ah waxaa awood leh sharciga federaalka.
  7. (7) Taxa awoodaha wadaagga ee Dawlad-goboleedyada waxaa ku wada dhaqmi kara dawladda federaalka iyo dawlad-goboleedyadaba. Haddi ay dhacdo in khilaaf ka dhex dhasho sharciyada dawladda federaaliga iyo dawlad-goboleedyada arrin kasta oo taxan ah, waxaa mudnaanta leh sharciga dawlad-goboleedyada.
  8. (8) Dawladda federaalku waxa ay sharci ka samayn kartaa arrin kasta oo aan lagu xusin taxda jadwalka 2aad.
Qodobka 61aad-Dhaqangellinta Awoodaha wadaagga ah ee sharcidejinta ee dawlad-goboleedyada
  1. (1) Si loo xoojiyo wada-shaqaynta,dawlad-goboleeddii doonaysa inay ka soo saarto sharci arrin kasta oo soo gelaysa Taxa awoodaha la wadaago ee federaalka ama Taxa awoodaha la wadaago ee dawlad-goboleedda waa in ay la tashataa dawladda federalka ah.
  2. (2) Waa in la soo saaro sharci federaali ah si loo dejiyo habraac dawlad-goboleedyada siinaya masuuliyad ay ku samaysan karaan sharci kasta oo ku saabsan arrimaha hoos-imaanaya taxa awoodaha la wadaago ee dawlad-goboleedyada. Habraaca noocaas ahi waa in uu ku lug-lahaado qiimaynta awoodda dawlad-goboleedyadu ku qaadi karaan masuuliyadda soo-saaridda iyo maamulida sharci ku saabsan arrintaas.
    Qodobka 62aad-Igmashada Awoodaha
  1. (1) Xukuumad kastaa waxay u xilsaaran kartaa awood mamul iyo masuuliyado dawlad ama dawlado kale oo heer kale ah, iyadoo raacaysa habraac ay wadatashi kula yeelanayso dawladdaas.
  2. (2) Dawladda federaalku waxay u xilsaaran kartaa mid ama ka badan xukuumadaha dawlad- goleedyada awood ay sharci ugu sameeyaan arrin ka mid ah awoodda xeerdejinta Dawlada federaalka oo looga gol leeyahay dan guud ama mid gaar ah.
  3. (3) Haddii Dawladda federaalku u xilsaarato awood sharci mid ama dhammaan dawlad- goboleedyada, waa in ay xaqiijisaa in dawlad-goboleeddaas hesho ama loo ogolaado in ay urursato dhaqaalaha lagama-maarmaanka u ah fulinta hawsha dawladda federaalku u igmatay.
  4. (4) Dowladda federaalku haddii loo baahdo way kala noqon kartaa awoodaha ay cid kale ugu xilsaaaratay qodobkan, iyadoo ogeysiineysa waqtiga ugu habboon dawlad- goboleedda ama dawlad-goboleedyada ay khusayso.
  5. (5) Mid ama ka badan dawlad-goboleedyadu waxay ka codsan karaan dawladda federaalka in ay qaaddo masuuliyadda ah in ay ka soo saarto sharci arrin gaar ah oo ka mid ah awoodaha xukuumadaha dawlad-goboleedyada.
    Qodobka 63aad-Arimha Maaliyadeed
  1. (1) Awoodaha dakhli-uruurinta ee heerarka kala duwan ee xukuumaddu waxay ku xusan yihiin Jadwalka 2aad.
  2. (2) Xukuumadda federaalku waxay awood u leedahay in ay ku bixiso kharash ujeeddo kasta oo sharciga waafaqasan, ha ahaato mid ay siisay awooddeeda sharci-dejineed ama yaysan ahaane.
  3. (3) Mabaadi’da iyo habka loogu qaybinaayo hantida maaliyadeed heerarka kala duwan ee xukuumadaha waxaa lgu qeexayaa Cutubka 14aad.
    Qodobka 64aad-Maxkamadaha
  1. (1) Jamhuuriyada Soomaaliya waxaa ka jira nidaam garsoor midaysan, sida kucad Cutubka10aad.
  2. (2) Ka sokow faqrada (1) khilaafaadka lagu xalliyo xeer-dhaqameed waa lagu sii dhaqmi karaa haddii aysan ka hor’imaaneynin Shareecada ama Dastuurka dalka.
Qodobka 65aad-Shaqada Dawladda ee Rayidka ah
  1. (1) Xukuumadda federaalka iyo dawlad-goboleedyadu waxay shaqaalasanayaan hawl- wadeennadooda.
  2. (2) Gudigga Shaqaalaha Rayidka ee Dawladda Federaalku wuxuu dejinayaa mabaadi’da, xeerarka iyo shuruudaha shaqo-qorista iyo arrimaha kale ee khuseeya shaqada dawladda ee heer kasta.
  3. (3) Dawladda federaalka iyo maamul-goboleedyadu waxay iska kaashanayaan ka-wada- faa’ideysiga hawl-wadeennada heerarka kala duwan, si loo xaqiijiyo khibradda iyo waayo’aragnimadu in ay noqdaan mid laga heli karo heer kasta oo looga baahan yahay, iyada oo taasna lagu horumarinaayo midnimada qaranka.
    Qodobka 66aad-Awoodaha Xukuumada Federaalka ee Taageera Nidaamka Federaalka
  1. (1) Haddii xukuumad dowlad-goboleed ay gudan kari waydo xilkeeda ama ay ku kacdo maamul xumo maaliyadeed, masuuliyada koowaad ee xukuumada federaalku waa in ku taageerto xukuumada dowlad-goboleedda sidii ay wax uga qaban laheyd xad-gudubyadaas, ayna qaado talaabo kasta oo lagama maar maan ah oo dowlad-goboleedda u suurto galinaya in ay xilkeeda u gudato si wax ku ool ah.
  2. (2) Haddii dawlad-goboleed gudan weydo waajibaadkeeda dastuuriga ah ama sharci kale oo federaal ahi u xilsaaray, xukuumadda federaalku waa in ay qaadaa tallaabooyinka lagama maarmaanka ah oo ay ku meel marineyso fulinta waajibaadkaa. Talaabooyinkaas waxaa ka mid ah in xukuumada federaalku farto dowlad-goboleedda dhaqan-galinta arimaha ay gabtay, dawlad-goboleedduna waa in ay amarkaas u huggaansataa. Hasa yeeshee, awaamirta noocaas lama bixin karo haddii aysan ogolaan kala bar xubnaha Aqalka Wakiillada Dawlad- Goboleedyadu marka laga reebo wakiillada dawlada-goboleedda waajibaadkeeda dastuuriga ah gabtay.
    Qodobka 67aad-Magaala-madaxda Qaranka
Fiiro: Maqaamka Muqdisho (Xamar), oo ah Magaala-madaxda Jamhuuriyada waxaa loo habeyn karaa sedaxda hab ee soo socoda mid kood, hase yeeshee go’aanka kama dambeysta ah waxaa lagu saleyn doonaa talooyinka dadweynuhu ka dhiibtaan Dastuurka qabyada ah xiliga latashiga dadka
XULASHADA 1aad ( Caasimad Ku-dhextaal Dawlad-Goboleed)
  1. (1) Caasimada magaala madaxda federaalku waxay ahaanaysaa magaalo ku dhextaal dowlad goboleed.
  2. (2) Xukuumadda dawlad-goboleedda ay magaala madaxdu ku dhextaal, iyadoo la tashatay Dowladda Fedelaaka waa in ay soo saartaa sharci gaar ah oo qeexaya maqaamka Caasimada Federaalka.
  3. (3) Golaha maamul ee Caasimada Federaalka iyo xukuumada federaalku waa in ay ilaaliyaan mabaadi’da xiriir iskaashiyeedka ee uu dhigayo dastuurku, waana in ay si gaar ah uga heshiiyaan arimaha canshuuraha, xeerarka kale ee nidaaminaya dhulalka iyo dhismooyinka ay leedahay ama ay degentahay xukuumada federaalku ee ku dhexyaal magaala madaxda.
XULASHADA 2aad(Degmada Caasimadda Federaalka)
  1. (1) Muqdisho waxay noqoneysaa degmo magaalo madax u ah Dowladda Federaalka.
  2. (2) Degmada magaala-madaxda federaalku kama mid noqon karto qayb ka mid ah dowlad-goboleed.
  3. (3) Xukuumada federaalku waa in ay soo saarto sharci gaar ah oo nidaamiya is-xukun dimuqaraadi ah oo lagu maamulo degmada magaala-madaxda federaalka.
  4. (4) Sharciga doorashooyinka federaalku waa in uu siiyaa muwaadiniinta degan degmada magaala-madaxda xaq ay ku dooran karaan wakiilo u matala Golaha Shacabka, waana in aysan matalaadaas ku waayin deganaanshada ay deganyihiin degmada magaala-madaxda Dowlada Federaalka awgeed.
  5. (5) Dadweynaha degan degmada magaala-madaxda federaalku kuma yeelanayaan wakiilo Aqalka Wakiilada dowlad-goboleedyada.
  6. (6) Xukuumada federaalku waxay awood u leedahay in ay dejiso shuruuc ayna maamusho dhamaan arimaha magaalo-madaxda iyadoo adeegsaneysa taxaha awoodaha la siiyay magaala-madaxda federaalka, hase yeeshee waxay awoodaheeda u xilsaaran kartaa golaha maamul ee caasimada federaalka si la mid ah sida ay ugu xilasaaran karto dowlad-goboleedyada sida ku cad qodobka 62aad ee Cutubkan.
  7. (7) Golaha maamul ee magaala-madaxda federaalka iyo xukuumada federaalku waa inay dhowraan mabaadi’da xiriirka iskaashi ee ku xusan dastuurkan.
XULASHADA 3aad (Caasimad ah Dawlad-Goboleed)
  1. (1) Magaala-madaxda federaalku waxay noqonaysaa dowlad-goboleed;
  2. (2) Magaala-madaxda federaalku kuma biiri karto gobol kale ma noqon karto qayb dowlada-goboleed kale ku dhul ballaarsato.
  3. (3) Golaha maamul eemagaala-madaxda federaalka iyo xukuumada federaalku waa inay dhowraan mabaadi’da xiriirka iskaashiga ee ku xusan dastuurkan. Waa in ay si gaar ah ugu heshiiyaan arimaha canshuuraha iyo xeerarka kale ee nidaaminaya dhulalka iyo dhismooyinka ay leedahay ama ay deggantahay xukuumada federaalku ee ku dhexyaal magaala-madaxda.
    Qodobka 68aad-Xalinta Khilaafaadka
  1. (1) Mabada’ ahaan khilaafyada u dhexeeya dawladaha waa in lagu xalliyaa hab wadaxaajood iyo dhexdhexaadin ku dhisan iskaashi iyo niyadsami.
  2. (2) Dawlada federaalka iyo xukuumadaha dowlad-goboleedyadu way ku heshiin karaan in ay dhistaan maxkamad gaar ah oo lagu xaliyo khilaafaadka dhaxsada dowladaha.
  3. (3) Khilaafka u dhexeeya dowladaha ee lagu xallinwaayo dhexdhexaadin iyo wadaxaajood waa in loo gudbiyaa Makamada Dastuuriga oo go’aan ka gaaraysa.
    Qodobka 69aad-Xuduudaha Gobollada
  1. (1) Guddiga Xadeynta Xuduudaha Gobollada ayaa xallin doona dhammaan murannada hadda taagan iyo kuwa mustaqbalka ee la xariira xuduudaha iyagoo raacaya sharciga laga dejin doono arrimahaas
  2. (2) Guddiga Madaxa Bannaan Dastuurka iyo arrimaha Federaalka ama ciddii bedesha ayaa iyaga oo la tashanaya guddiyada kale ee qaran ka caawin doona Dawladda Federaalka go’aaminta tirada ugu yar iyo tan ugu badan ee dawlad-goboleedyada la sameynayo.
  3. (3) Xuduudaha Dawlad-goboleedyadu waxay ku saleysnaan doonaan xuduudihii gobollada ee jiray 1990-kii ka hor dagaalkii ahliga ahaa
  4. (4) Laba gobol ama wax ka badan ayaa ku midoobi kara dawlad-goboleed iyaga xor u ah go’aankooda
    Qodobka 70aad-Samaynta Dawlad-Goboleedyo Cusub
  1. 1) Ugu yaraan laba gobol ama ka badan oo si xor ah isugu tagay ayaa sameysan kara dawlad- goboleed;
  2. 2) Dawlad-goboleed cusub ayay sameysan karaan dawlad-goboleedyo jiray hadii tiro macquul ah oo ah hal iyo wax ka badan oo ka mid ah dawlad-goboleedyadaas ay doonayaan in ay sameystaan dawlad-goboleed ayna sameynta dawlad-goboleedkaas tahay sida kaliya ee ay ku gaari karaan danaha guud ee ay wadaagaan
  3. 3) Dawlad-goboleed cusub waxaa la samayn karaa hadii arrintaas ay taageersanyihiin aqlabiyada dadka:
    (a) Degengobolladasameysanayadawlad-goboleedkacusub
    (b) Deggangobolladaaysaameynaysosameyntadawlad-goboleedkacusub;
    (c) Haddii aysan samenta dawlad-goboleedkaas aysan ka hor imaanayn danta qaranka;
    (d) Isla markaana aysan khatar gelinayn midnimada qaran ee federaalka
  4. 4) Sameynta dawlad-goboleed cusub lama ogolaan karo haddii aysan awood u yeelan doonin in ay fuliso waajibaadka iyo hawlaha laga rabo dawlad-goboleed ka tirsan federaalka sida dhawridda xuquuqda asaasiga ah ee muwaadiniinta ku nool dawlad goboleedka, aysana lahayn isku- filnaansho dhaqaale ay ku fidiyaan adeegyada asaasiga ah. Baarlamaanka ayaa meelmarinaya sharciga sameynta dawlad-goboleedyada cusub.
  5. 5) Haddii laba iyo wax ka badan dawlad-goboleedyada deriska ahi ay ku heshiiyaan in ay badalaan xuduudaha ay wadaagaan, Golaha Shacabku waa in uu ansixiyaa haddii saddex dalool laba dalool ka mid ah goloyaasha degmooyinku ogolaadaan xuduud bedelidda
    Qodobka 71aad-Oggolaanshaha Ku- soo-biiritaanka Jamhuuriyadda
  1. 1) Hannaanka Federaalaynta waa in loo maraa wadahdal iyo iskaashi.
  2. 2) Jamhuuriyadda Federaalka Soomaaliya waxay soo dhaweynaysaa maamuladda doonaya in ay kusoo biiraan Federaalka, waxayna dhiirigelinaysaa ku-soo-biiritaan qaab nabadeed loo marayo.
VOA - Xuquuqdu way dhowran tahay
http://www.voasomali.com/content/dastuurka-cusub-cutubka-7aad-qaab-dhismeedka-federaalka-ee-jamhuuriyadda-146573555/1449778.html



Analysis: Somalia's new constitution puts the cart before the camel
  • Simon Allison
  • Africa

  • 3 August 2012 02:02 (South Africa)

There’s nothing obviously wrong with Somalia’s new constitution. Some bits of it are very good. It’s more the timing that’s the problem. SIMON ALLISON argues that there are a few things that need to be fixed before it’s time to write the document that will be the foundation for a new Somali state - like finishing the civil war, for example.
This week, 825 Somali leaders approved a new constitution in a landmark vote. At least it would have been 825 leaders, but 180 of them didn’t bother to show up; either they couldn’t, for personal or security reasons, or they didn’t feel like this was important enough to bother making the effort.
In the end, 621 of them voted for the draft document, while 13 voted against it and 11 abstained. “Today, Somalia has put its feet onto a democratic and peaceful path. The new constitution will heal Somalia from war trauma and put it onto a more peaceful life," said Abshir Abdi, one of the delegates who made it.
This is the first in a three-pronged strategy to finally establish a permanent state in Somalia after eight years of the ineffectual Transitional Federal Government, which at times has controlled little more than a square of territory around Mogadishu airport?and only that thanks to military support from African Union troops. The other two prongs are likely to be more contentious. The delegates have to elect representatives to a new parliament and choose a new president. Already, allegations of intimidation and vote-buying are flying.
The constitution itself is not a bad bit of draftsmanship. It guarantees that Islam is the source of all law, and that no religion other than Islam shall be permitted in Somalia. This may sound harsh, but delegates didn’t have much of a choice. These are the bare minimum necessary conditions if anyone hopes to persuade Al-Shabaab to accept the document. Besides, plenty of the delegates are strongly conservative Islamists themselves. And don’t forget that there are many interpretations of Islamic Sharia law, from the Taliban’s hardcore approach in Afghanistan to the United Arab Emirates’ rather softer, more modern version.
Other clauses suggest the delegates lean towards the latter. Female circumcision is outlawed; abortion permitted when the mother’s life is at stake; marriage requires the consent of both the male and the female; child labour and child soldiering are forbidden; and socio-economic rights to water and healthcare guaranteed (although no word on how these will be implemented). The International Development Law Organization looked at all this and said that, on paper at least, Somalia’s constitution offers more fundamental rights than the constitutions of the USA or Italy.
But how much is a piece of paper worth in Somalia, no matter how elegantly-worded? Given the current situation, not much.
For a start, there’s still that little problem of Al-Shabaab. The Islamist militant group is on the back foot, but by no means defeated. They are still safely ensconced in their seaside capital of Kismayo, and their influence extends across much of southern Somalia. African Union troops that have been responsible for pushing them out of Mogadishu and other strongholds promise they’ll be smashed by the end of August, but even if Al-Shabaab are pushed out of Kismayo it will remain a potent political force. Any constitution that is agreed before a political, as opposed to military, settlement with Al-Shabaab is reached is unlikely to provide the foundations of a unified nation.
Then there are Somalia’s other fractures, most notably Somaliland, which operates completely independently, but also autonomous regions like Puntland and Galmadug. Puntland adopted its own new constitution in April, while Galmadug has just elected a president. Somaliland, meanwhile, has made it perfectly clear it wants nothing to do with any Somali state, future or present. Is this constitution meant to apply to these regions as well? Of course it is?the Transitional Federal Government’s consistent position has been that there is just one Somalia, and they govern it. This has been supported by the international community. But how can they be expected to accept a document in which they had little to no say?
Yes, we all know that Somalia is a failed state. We know it needs fixing, and a constitution is an important part of that process. But it’s a process, and some things have to happen before other things like constitution-drafting are possible. Somehow concluding the civil war with Al-Shabaab would be a good place to start. Starting meaningful discussions with Somaliland over their joint or separate futures is also necessary?don’t forget that Somaliland is the only Somali territory to have enjoyed meaningful peace, stability and development over the last two decades.
It would also be helpful if the government could guarantee the security of the capital of this new Somali state. Even though Mogadishu is overrun with African troops and private security contractors, it’s not a safe city. During the constitutional deliberations, a prominent radio comedian was shot and killed by unidentified assailants. He was well-known, however, for poking fun at Al-Shabaab militants. And Wednesday, as the text was being accepted, two huge blasts disrupted proceedings; two suicide bombers had blown themselves up at the gates of the venue, killing themselves and one security guard.
With so much work still to be done, it seems like Somalia’s new constitution is an exercise in futility; and, by its unrepresentative nature, likely to harden divisions rather than encourage the reconciliation so necessary for Somalia’s future. DM
Read more:
  • Constitution approved as attack thwarted on Somalia Report
  • Somali leaders approve new constitution on VOA News
Photo: Delegates to the Somali National Constituent Assembly raise their hands during the conference in capital Mogadishu August 1, 2012. Somali security forces shot dead a would-be suicide bomber who tried to attack the venue of a national conference on a draft constitution, while a second attacker blew himself up, injuring six officers, police said on Wednesday.
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