The 'kitaab gaabs' power to heal the sick through prayers, especially those with mental imbalances.

 Dalleo has noted that 'occasionally sheiks rose to prominent positions,73 because they possessed some divine powers which the ordinary), nomads held in awe. Those divine powers that seem to be derived from their holiness included the power to heal the sick through prayers, especially those with mental imbalances. 74 They were also known by the people to possess some kind of 'love potion' which they used to give to jealous . -- .' wives to prevent their husbands from marrying another wife. The 'kitaab gaabs' (short book owners), as they were traditionally called, were also feared by the people as they seem to have possessed knowledge that ordinary Somalis did not have . These 'kitaab gaabs' -were not highly learned in the Quranic scriptures though they knew some specific verses of the Quran which enhanced their trade. The Somali respected them more out of fear than anything else . The 'Kitaab gaabs' did not like to share their knowledge with the wider community in case .' they lost their market since they were highly in demand.

73. Dalleo, 'Trade and Pastoralism', p.4.

The infamous 'kalalut' war between the Abdwak and the Mohamed Zubeir -The Abdwak were saved Auliyahan

 The infamous 'kalalut' war between the Abdwak and the Mohamed Zubeir sub-clans of the Ogaden forced the former to migrate from the Lorrian swamps in the Wajir District to the south towards the Tana River in 1909. The Abdwak lost a large number of fighting men and were forcefully evicted by the powerful Mohamed Zubeir from their traditional grazing grounds. 69 The Abdwak were saved by the mediation efforts of other Ogaden sub-clans, notably the Auliyahan, who, feared that the Abdwak might disappear as a sub-clan.

69. Kenya Census Book 1979 (Garissa Provincial Library, Kenya Government, Nairobi, 1979), p.70. 

The Ogadens (Kablalah Daarood) Were Sheegat to Rahanweyn who expelled Them And The Ogaden (Daarood) had to escaped They became sheegats to the Wardeey Of Waamo And Degoodi Who welcomed Daarood Mareehan and Ogaden.

  How the Daarood destroyed the Degoodi and Wardeey Cali who welcomed them

The Ogadens who were among the first Somali clans to have displaced the Wardeey from Jubaland came in two major waves. 4 The first wave commenced in the early l800s and was. characterised by slow penetration in which the search for grazing has been cited as the main reason behind the migration. At this stage the Ogaden were a small group that became sheegats (clientship) of the dominant Rahanwein clan who were settled in the upper reaches of the Juba river. The Rahanwein.a~e a by-product of the inter-marriage of the various Somali clans and the Wardeey . The Rahanwein, for this reason, speak a different dialect of Somali called ' Mai mai'. The second wave, starting 10 the mid 1830s, was composed of a larger group which numbered over four hundred fighting men who tried to evict the Rahanwein but could not do so after several bloody battles. 5 The Ogaden had to escape from them and cross to the west bank of the Juba river. They became sheegats to the Wardeey who lived here. While the Ogaden lived with the Wardeey from the 1840s to the 1 ~50:. ~ their numbers were being - continuously increased by new arrivals from Ogadenia and Mudugh region in what became -.:- Ethiopia and Somalia. After gaining numerical strength the Ogaden mercilessly fell upon their host and drove them from the west bank of the Juba river the by mid 1870s.6 The Ogaden threat was a long term one since it took them more than two decades to achieve dominance over the Wardeey in the Juba region.

The immediate threat to Wardeey of the Juba, however, came from other areas. The Bardera settlement under Sheikh Abiker along the Juba River, for one, continuously raided the Wardeey. Turton notes that the defeats suffered by the Wardei as a result of the Bardera settlement had 'seriously weakened them at a time when they were being harassed by a more tenacious enemy further west' . 7 Turton has further noted that the Wardei were wrongfully labeled as Gaalo Madow along with the Degodi whom the Ogaden expelled from Dolo Bay Dollo Ado and Murille Hawiye and the Garre.

The name Wardie  which means 'look at') were continuously attacked by the Garreh and a host of other clans who lived in the north western parts of the Wardei country , to such an extent that by the mid-1840s 'the northern limits of the Wardei were generally represented as being somewhere to the south of Bardera and no further north than Dif'. The balance of power between the Wardei and the Ogaden who lived among them had been one of equal strength for a number of years 'and the stalemate on the Juba continued for a number of years'. 9 It is likely that the Ogaden were just waiting for an opportune moment to become independent of the Wardei whom they held in contempt. 

1) The Wardeey Occupied El Waq to Mandera all the way to Borana land..

2) The Wardeey were weakened by small pox epidemic at the time.

3) The Wardeey were attacked by Borana, Ajuuran, and some Rahanweyn along with their treacherous Daarood host whom they gave protection as (Kablalah) but included Absame and Harti plus Sade Mareehan.

The treacherous Daarood Mercilessly Attacked their Wardai hosts who saved the from Rahanweyn.

This opportunity presented itself in 1865 when 'the Wardei were struck by a plague of smallpox which according to them, was hrought into Afmadu by the new Somali immigrants,.l1 As a result of this manifest weakening of the Wardei they were attacked on all fronts  and it is no surprise that they could not defend themselves but had to tlee for their lives. According to Turnbull , 'the main contlict was in the east; and the actions fought at Afmadu, on the Deshek Wama, and at EI Lein are still- spoken of by the tribe' .12 The Ogaden and Daarood were at this point led by the grand old man of the Abd Wak, Abdi Ibrahim , the Sultan, while there were a number of ' invasion commanders 3 under him: Abd(Ibrahim was noted for his bravery and skill in war strategy which eventually led to the Ogaden dominance in the Jubaland. His remarkable leadership qualities are still remembered to this day by the Ogaden. Notable among his commanders were Magan Yussuf, the Sultan of the Mohamed Zubeirl Ogaden, and Hassan Be~jan of the Abdalla/Ogaden. 

The Daarood, Rahanweyn of Bardheere Jamaca, and many others hostile to Wardai united and attacked from all fronts.

The Ogaden clan and there Daarood helpers were a united clan under the apt and recognised leadership of Abdi Ibrahim as the Sultan of all the component sub-clans. It was for convenience and safety that they remained united in the face of stiff opposition not only from the Wardei but also from other Hawiye clans on the left bank of the Juba. 14 A group of warriors numbering two to three hundred were at any given time on a raiding assignment to the Wardei and the latter though always prepared to defend themselves were no match for the determined and skilful Ogaden who believed they were waging a Jihad or a holy·war against what they viewed as the 'Galla madow' or 'the black infidels' .15

The Wardai, Gaaljecel, Awaramalleh, and Sheikhal who were defeated and people of Oromo clans were forcefully incorparated into the Daarood. Most of the Geergiir Galamadow (Gaaljecel, Awaramalleh and Hawiye tribes) were incorparated into Harti and many Wardai /Sheikhal became sheegat to Ogaden.

Having displaced the Wardei from the Juha region the Ogaden were no( co ntent to settle down but continued their southward expansion since the loot from the Wardei was an appetizing reason to continue their raids. The availahility of fresh pastures in the conquered lands coupled with the availability of surface water, especially after the rainy seasons around Afmadu and the Deshek Wama in the southern Juhaland, were other compelling factors that encouraged the Ogaden to continue their raiding forays into the Wardei country . As a result, the \yardei were being pushed south and westwards at the end of every rainy season.]6 Added to these incentives, there was also population pressure due to constant emigration from Ogadenia and the northern regions especially hy the Galti Ogaden and Galti Marehan .. 17 These new immigrants made it their practice to raid and to loot everything that carn.e their way especially as they had come from the north with no livestock of their 0~~ .]8 The Wardei were continuously impoverished after every raid as they never seemed to successfully repulse them while the Ogaden accumulated large herds of cattle. The Ogaden migration towards the Tana in the 1 860s and 1870s, was one of struggle to wrest control of the land from the Wardei ~ The Ogaden were firml y estahlished along the hanks of the Tana River by the 1870's, having virtually conquered and suhordinated the..Hawiye and Wardai to Daarood domination. According to Turnhull the attack of 1865 by the Daarood when the Wardei were weakened by plague was so unexpected and so violent that the Wardei were utterly lost their fighting will. 

How The Ogadeen And Mareehan host of the Degoodi attacked and subjected the people whom welcomed them and forced many Degoodi to became (Sheegat or Flee) and seek refuge with the Garreh Dir clans of Mandera.

For example the Degodia migrated from Addo in what was to become the Ethiopian province of Bale to the NFD of  the Kenya Colony in the 1910.The Degodia movement into Kenya was by slow penetration and infiltration. This migration was largely due to the rer Afgab of the Auliyahan sub-clan who were exerting pressure on the Degodia. After suffering a number of camel raids the Degodia opted to move to the sanctuary: of the British Protectorate that was being established on the fringe of their country in the 1900s.

The Degodia appear --to be most recent immigrants to the Northern Frontier District. They came to settle in Mandera and Wajir districts as recently as 1900 and later. 32 The Degodia migrated from a place in southern Ethiopia called Addo, as result of the inter-clan wars and the scarcity of pastures in that area. The Ogaden pressure in the southern Ogadenia and Bale regions of what was to become the Ethiopian Empire, especially the wars waged by the Rer  Afgab Auliyahan and the Marehan, forced the Degodia to migrate to the Garreh country in the vicinity of Mandera of what was to become the Kenya Colony. 33 While in the Garreh country in Mandera area, they sought permission to graze their camels from the Garreh r - - Sultan, Shaba Alio, who allowed them to do so unsuspectingly. After two decades, the Degodia population increased considerably and their competition for both water and pastures led to constant conflicts with the Garreh. 34 Having attained numerical strength, the Degodia continually harassed and raided the Garreh, until the latter could not take any more. But the Garreh on their own could not challenge the Degodia clan in warfare.

Memoir on the Western or Edoor Tribes, Inhabiting the Somali Coast of N.-E. Africa, with the Southern Branches of the Family of Darrood

 I have made use of the word Edoor to distinguish the descendants of Isaakh from those of his fellow-countryman Darrood, but it may be as well to observe that the western tribes are averse to the appellation, and invariably correct the person who styles them Edoor, by telling him that the Edoor are the Galla tribes. The Mijjertain told me that the Galla family into which Sheikh Isaakh married was called " Durr,"(Dir Misspelled) and from that is derived the namc of "Edoor ;" and the Haber Gerhajis, on the other hand, retaliate by quoting " Darrood " as an offshoot from the same Pagan source. 

Memoir on the Western or Edoor Tribes, Inhabiting the Somali Coast of N.-E. Africa, with the Southern Branches of the Family of Darrood, Resident on the Banks of the Webbe Shebeyli, Commonly Called the River Webbe Author(s): C. J. Cruttenden Source: The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London , 1849, Vol. 19 (1849), pp. 49-76

BRAVE BIIMAAL DIR /PORTUGEES ZANZIBAR

 BRAVA. A coastal city in the South founded probably in the 10th century by Arabs or Persians and governed at that time by a council of chiefs. More Arab and Persian immigrants came to Brava, and by the 12th or early 13th century, Somalis from the north were moving in. By the 15th century, Brava rivaled Mogadishu as a center of trade. In 1503, Portuguese seamen captured vessels carrying some of the leaders of Brava and forced them to place the city under Portuguese protec¬ tion. When the leaders repudiated the agreement in 1506, Portuguese ships bombarded the town and looted it. Brava was defeated, and remained under Portu¬ guese domination until the middle of the 17th century, when the Iman of Oman ousted the Portuguese. The city then remained under the nominal control of the Sultans of Oman and Zanzibar until 1888 and was the center of Zanzibari government for the Benadir Coast. In the 17th century, the Tunni Somali arrived in the environs of Brava. Thereafter, they and the descendants of the original Arab and Persian inhabi¬ tants, who had intermarried with Negroid and Somali Bride Wealth 26 groups, constituted the city's permanent inhabitants. In 1840, the city was attacked by the tariqa of Bardera, which found allies among the BimaL In-rebuffing this attack, the Tunni allied themselves with the Geledi, who ruled the hinterland beyond the port. Brava was some¬ thing of a pawn in the later Bimal-Geledi wars, and in 1871 appealed to the Sultan of Zanzibar for protection. In 1875, Egyptian warships appeared at Brava. They withdrew a year later, under pressure from the British, and the Zanzibari increased their force and built a wall around the city. In 1888, the Imperial British East Africa Com¬ pany obtained from the Sultan of Zanzibar a 50-year concession to Brava and the other Benadir ports. Great Britain transferred this concession to Italy in 1889. Brava was administered by the Filonardi Com¬ pany (1893-1896) and the Benadir Company (1898-1905). In 1905, the Italian government purchased the Benadir ports north of the Juba River from the Sultan of Zanzi¬ bar and placed them under direct government control. From its earliest history, Brava was an im¬ portant center of trade, particularly for livestock and ivory exports, and was at one time the most important Benadir port. The merchants of Brava served as middlemen between Arabian, European, and American merchants (mid-1800s) and the peoples of the interior. When the caravan routes became disrupted, when there was a drought, or when the livestock of the area were struck by disease, Brava suffered. All these factors as well as the abolition of slavery and the development of other ports more suitable for ocean-going vessels combined in the late 19th and early 20th centuries to undermine the city's prosperity and led to its decline

BIIMAAL MAXAMED DIR MERKA

 BIMAL. The Bimal are the largest Dir clan-family group. They have occupied the town of Merca and its hinter¬ land since perhaps 1690 when their traditions claim they overthrew the representatives of the Sultan of Ajuran. Predominantly pastoralists, the Bimal from time to time controlled the caravan trade routes to Merca. They also engaged (and continue to engage) in agriculture in the lower Shebelle area. When the im¬ portation of slaves for farming became widespread in the mid-1800s, the Bimal grew rich and powerful, ex¬ changing agricultural products as well as livestock and goods from the interior (ivory, hides, skins, horses, slaves) for imported goods at Merca. The Bimal engaged periodically in wars with the Geledi, their traditional rivals, who controlled the trade routes to Mogadishu and Brava and a great share of the wealth of the Shebelle farming country; the two clans were opponents in the Bardera wars. In this rivalry, the Bimal sought assistance from the Sultan of Zanzibar, who established a garrison at Merca in the 1860s—the only Zanzibari garrison on the coast at the time. In the recurrent Bimal-Geledi wars, the politically cohesive Bimal were largely successful, kill¬ ing at least two powerful Geledi sultans. Italian efforts to abolish slavery and engage in trade were strongly resisted by the Bimal, as well as by sections of the Geledi, both of whom depended on slaves to cultivate their farms and both of whom were engaged in the caravan trade. The Bimals’ resistance to the Italians began in 1896. They besieged an Italian Bio 24 garrison at Merca in 1904, and repeatedly ambushed and attacked Italian-led troops. The Italian administra¬ tion decided to "pacify" the area, but the "Bimal re¬ volt, " which began in 1905, was not crushed until 1908. In their "revolt, " the Bimal gained some as¬ sistance in the way of firearms from Sayyid Mohamed Abdullah Hassan, the Salihiya leader of the jihad in the north. Some of the Salihiya followers in the south broke with the Sayyid in 1908 after he was denounced by the Salihiya leader in Mecca, and the split among the Salihiya undoubtedly worked to the advantage of the Italians in "pacifying" the Bimal. In these battles, the Italians appear to have received some assistance from the Geledi sultan. See HAJI ABDI ABIKAR

BARDHEERER fake land based jihaad GAALO MADOW STORY - banadir coast history

 BARDERA (Tall palm). A town on the Juba River, about 150 miles inland, founded in 1819 as the site of one of 21 Benadir Coast the first jamaha in southern Somalia. The settlement may have been affiliated with the Qadiriya Sufi order, although some authorities feel that its puritanical regu¬ lations point to links with the Ahmadiya. 

The founder of the settlement, Sheikh Ibrahim Hassan Jebro, died shortly after his arrival in Bardera. He was succeeded by Ali Dure. The community outlawed the use of to¬ bacco, abolished frivolous dancing, compelled its women to wear the veil, and condemned the ivory trade. In 1836, the settlement entered a militant phase, first under Sheikh Abiker Aden Durow, then under Sherifs Abdurahman and Ibrahim. The reformers de¬ clared a jihad (holy war) against the "lax" Muslims of the region, and in 1840 sacked the coastal town of Brava. In 1843, Bardera was besieged and destroyed by an alliance of the Tunni of Brava and the Geledi, whose trade in ivory and other products was interrupted by the militant Bardera religionists. In the 1843 war— a vivid event in Somali oral tradition—Bardera found allies among the Bimal, old enemies of the Geledi. Bardera was not reoccupied until the 1860s. Throughout the late 19th century, Bardera was governed by a series of fundamentalist Muslim sheikhs who engaged in sporadic warfare with the Galla inhabi¬ tants of the right bank of the Juba. Bardera's leaders also apparently condoned the attack on the ill-fated von der Decken expedition which ascended the Juba River as far as Bardera in 1865. The remains of the German explorer's boat can still be seen in the rapids above Bardera. Though never openly hostile to the Italian colonizers who arrived in the 1890s, elements of the Bardera community may have collaborated with the der¬ vishes of Sayyid Mohamed Abdullah Hassan. The town is today an important religious settlement.

 BENADIR COAST. The southern coastal area from Itala (Adale) to Kismayu. The area came under the nominal control of the Sultan of Oman in the late 17th century. When the seat of the sultanate was permanently shifted to Zanzibar in 1840, the Benadir Coast fell under the close scrutiny of the Sultan of Zanzibar, from whom Britain and Italy acquired it in 1888-1889. BENADIR COMPANY (1898-1905). This company, the Societa Anonima Commerciale Italiana del Benadir, replaced the Filonardi Company in administering the Italian-controlled ports of the Benadir Coast, after a two-year period of Benadir Cotton 22 direct government control. It, like the Filonardi Com¬ pany, did little to upset the traditional Somali political and social system. The Benadir Company was largely organized by Antonio Cecchi, an avid colonialist who initially hoped to build up agricultural concessions in the Benadir and carry on trade with the Somalis of the interior. After Cecchi was killed in 1896, the company was headed by Ernesto Dulio. It was unable to estab¬ lish any agricultural enterprises and its staff was torn by internal disputes. The threat of Somali uprisings and Ethiopian incursions and a scandal stemming from the continuation of the slave trade and domestic slavery also contributed to the company’s failure. In 1905, the Italian government assumed direct responsibility for the Somali areas. 

BENADIR COTTON. A cotton cloth produced at Mogadishu, Brava, and Merca. The cloth, plain or striped, in red, yellow, blue, and other colors, with a white back¬ ground, is handwoven by men. It is used locally and has been an article of export since the 14th century, if not before