1. Position of the Gadsan Clan in the Clan Hierarchy
Sources indicate that the Gadsan [Gaadsen, Gadsen, Gaadsan] clan is a sub-clan of the Dir clan (ITPCM Dec. 2013, 14; Somalia CEWERU Dec. 2013, 15). Sources indicate that the Dir are nomadic pastoralists (ITPCM Dec. 2013, 14; Solomon 2015, 41), and are regarded as being "noble" (Solomon 2015, 41).
According to sources, there are four main clans in Somalia: the Dir, Darood [Darod], Hawiye, and Isaaq [1] (Gundel 15 Dec. 2009, 12; EU Aug. 2014, 43-44). A December 2013 article published by the International Training Programme for Conflict Management (ITPCM) [2] states that, according to various persons of Somali origin interviewed in November 2013 in Nairobi, the Hawiye and Darood are major clans in Somalia (ITPCM Dec. 2013, 14). The same source explains that the Hawiye and Darood control Somalia's "political development" and that all the other clans, including the Dir, "rally around these two for state power and control" (ITPCM Dec. 2013, 14).
According to sources, the Gadsan clan is a direct sub-clan of the Dir clan (Somalia CEWERU Dec. 2013, 15; Farah Oct. 2016, 8). Other sources indicate that the Gadsan clan is a sub-clan of the Biyomal [Biyamal, Biamal, Biimal] clan, itself a sub-clan of the Dir clan (Waagacusub Media 29 Jan. 2015; Center for Political Studies 28 May 2017, 131). In a 2009 working paper written for the African Studies Centre Leiden (ASCL) [3] in the Netherlands, Jan Abbink, an "anthropologist-historian" with research focusing on the history and cultures of the Horn of Africa (ASCL n.d.a), states that the Gadsan clan is a sub-clan of the Hiniftire clan, itself a sub-clan of the Maahe, which is a sub-clan of the Dir clan (Abbink 2009, 17-19). A 2002 paper written by Guido Ambroso, while he was a field repatriation officer for UNHCR, states that the Gadsan clan is "considered by some informants as a sub-clan of the Bimal and by most others a clan on its own merit" (Ambroso Mar. 2002, 9, emphasis in original). For further information on the Biyomal clan, see Response to Information Request SOM105305 of October 2015.
2. Locations of the Gadsan Clan
In his paper, Ambroso indicates that the Gadsan clan is found in southern Somalia and in eastern Ethiopia (Ambroso 2002, 6, 69).
Sources indicate that the Gadsan clan in Somalia is found in the Gedo region (Gutale 2008, 78; CRD May 2004, 15; Sharamo 2012, 198), a southwestern Somali region that borders Kenya and Ethiopia (Sharamo 2012, 198). Sources indicate that the Gedo region is also inhabited by the Marehan and Ogaden sub-clans of the Darood, the Dagodi [Degodia], the Ajuran and the Bantu sub-clan of the Jarer [Jareer] (CRD May 2004, 15; Sharamo 2012, 198). In his doctoral dissertation on politics and struggles of peacemaking in Somalia, submitted in 2012 to the Graduate Faculty of George Mason University, Roba D. Sharamo [4] explains that the Gedo region is
[q]uite a volatile region [and that] the major challenges to the peace and stability [of the region] were due to insecurity, rivalry and power struggles between SNF [Somalia National Front]/SRRC [Somali Reconstruction and Restoration Council] (that controlled the Luuq, Dolow and Beledhawa [d]istricts) and SNF (that controlled the El-Wak, Bardera, Burdubo and Gerbeharu [d]istricts); and external conflicts with RRA [Rahanweyn Resistance Army]/SRRC from the Bardeere [d]istricts. The region also experienced frequent communal clashes because of competition over the use of pasturelands. (Sharamo 2012, 198)
Corroborating information could not be found among the sources consulted by the Research Directorate within the time constraints of this Response.
A 2016 document on famine in Somalia published by the Feinstein International Center, a research and teaching centre at Tufts University that promotes the use of evidence and learning in operational and policy responses to protect people affected by humanitarian crises (Tufts University n.d.), quotes a farmer from the Jamame district, in the south of the Jubba [Juba] valley, as stating that there are about 700 families in his village who belong to various clans, "[t]he largest [being] the Biyomaal followed by the Darood (Majerteen and Ogaden) and the Gaadsan" (Feinstein International Center Jan. 2016, 8, 30). Similarly, according to a 2012 draft document on community reconciliation in the Somali Gedo and Jubba regions, written by the Somalia NGO Consortium, an association of NGOs that acts as a "coordinated voice" for local and international NGOs invested in development and humanitarian work in Somalia (Somalia NGO Consortium n.d.), the Gadsan clan is present in the Lower Jubba region in Somalia (Somalia NGO Consortium 29 Mar. 2012, 6).
According to a 2017 report on clans in Somalia, prepared by the International Business & Technical Consultants, Inc. (IBTCI), "an international development consulting company" (IBTCI n.d.), and submitted to the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), the Gadsan clan also inhabits the Bakool region in Somalia, specifically the Rabdhure district (IBTCI 20 Sept. 2017, 56). The same source states that the Bakool region is also inhabited by, among others, the Rahanweyne [Rahanweyn] clan, the "Ogden's Aulihan," Reer Afgab sub-clans, Buurashadley, the Aulihan and the Jejele clan (IBTCI 20 Sept. 2017, 56). According to a 2001 report by the UN, the Gadsan clan also live in the Raaso [Rasso, Raso] region in Ethiopia (UN 29 May 2001, 13). Corroborating information could not be found among the sources consulted by the Research Directorate within the time constraints of this Response.
3. Employment and Occupations of the Gadsan Clan
In a 1999 book on pastoralism and politics in Somalia, Ioan Myrddin Lewis, a former professor at the London School of Economics and Political Sciences who specialised in Somali Studies (WardheerNews.com 3 June 2014), indicates that the Gadsan clan is of a religious or priestly lineage of Somali descent (Lewis 1999, 224). The same source explains that priestly lineages in Somalia are "nominally 'men of God,' possessed of blessing by definition, rather than necessarily learned in the Shariah" (Lewis 1999, 224). According to the same source, clans that are of priestly lineages, such as the Gadsan clan, have a higher proportion of sheikhs [Arab chiefs] than "other 'warrior' lineages and clans" (Lewis 1999, 224).
In a 2000 paper on castes and minorities in Somalia, Mohamed Mohamed-Abdi, while he was an anthropologist at the French National Research Institute for Sustainable Development (IRD), explains that the Gadsan clan, along with the Dir clan, belongs to the waranle cast, the members of which [translation] "are holder[s] of land and of water supplies," are "in general" nomadic pastors, and breed dromedaries, cattle, goats and sheep (Mohamed-Abdi 2000, 135). The same source further explains that, among the clans belonging to waranle, some, including the Gadsan, assume religious functions (Mohamed-Abdi 2000, 135).
Information on the history and cultural practices of the Gadsan clan could not be found among the sources consulted by the Research Directorate within the time constraints of this Response.
4. Treatment of the Gadsan Clan and Relations to Other Somali Actors
According to the Armed Conflict Location & Event Data Project (ACLED), a project that collects data on "the dates and locations of all reported political violence and protest event in over 60 developing countries in Africa and Asia" (ACLED n.d.), the Gadsan clan has been involved in the following incidents of "non-state armed conflicts":
- on 5 March 2008, according to local informants, militias of the Gadsan clan and of the Macalin-Weyne sub-clan engaged in a battle, which did not lead to a change of territory, in Luuq in the Gedo region (ACLED 2016, event 84 549);
- on 28 April 2008, according to local informants, a battle occurred between militias of the Gadsan clan and of the Macalin-Weyne sub-clan in Luuq in the Gedo region (ACLED 2016, event 84 740). According to the same source, the battle did not lead to a change of territory (ACLED 2016, event 84 740).
- on 4 May 2008, according to Agence France-Presse (AFP) and the Associated Press (AP), militias of the Gadsan clan and of the Rahanweyn-Moalim Weyne sub-clan engaged in a battle over land dispute in Luuq in the Gedo region (ACLED 2016, event 84 771). The same source states that the battle did not lead to a change in territory, and that 12 people died in the 12-hour conflict between the two militias (ACLED 2016, event 84 771);
- on 13 August 2013, a gunman from a Madhiban clan militia wounded two civilians, one of whom belonged to the Gadsan clan, with gunshots in Qardho in a private dispute (ACLED 2016, event 93 329).
Corroborating information could not be found among the sources consulted by the Research Directorate within the time constraints of this Response.
4.1 Relationship with Al-Shabaab
Information on the Gadsan clan's relationship with Al Shabaab was scarce among the sources consulted by the Research Directorate within the time constraints of this Response.
According to ACLED, on 17 November 2015, gunmen, revealed to be from al Shabaab, "shot and killed" a civilian member of the Gadsan clan in Galkacyo in the Mudug region [north-central Somalia] while the victim was at a wedding event (ACLED 2016, event 99 594). The same source states that the motivation for the killing was "unknown" (ACLED 2016, event 99 594). Corroborating information could not be found among the sources consulted by the Research Directorate within the time constraints of this Response.
4.2 Relationship with Somali Authorities
Information on the Gadsan clan's relationship with Somali authorities was scarce among the sources consulted by the Research Directorate within the time constraints of this Response.
Sources report that, in 2015, Ahmed Hassan Gabobe, was named Minister of Justice and Religious Affairs (Waagacusub Media 29 Jan. 2015) or Minister for Endowment and Religious Affairs (WardheerNews.com 28 Jan. 2015). The webpage of Somalia's Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock indicates that Gabobe is currently the Somali minister of agriculture (Somalia n.d.).
According to a 2015 article by Waagacusub Media, a source of "independent news and information in East Africa" (Waagacusub Media n.d.b), based in the Netherlands (Waagacusub Media n.d.a), Gabobe belongs to the Gadsan clan (Waagacusub Media 29 Jan. 2015). The same source states that Gabobe is a former "[i]slamist [e]xtremist and a member of the Cancelled Islamic Union Court" (Waagacusub Media 29 Jan. 2015). According to the same source, Gabobe is "linked [to] participating in fights in Defow, Kabhanley and Lower Shabelle" (Waagacusub Media 29 Jan. 2015). Corroborating information could not be found among the sources consulted by the Research Directorate within the time constraints of this Response.
This Response was prepared after researching publicly accessible information currently available to the Research Directorate within time constraints. This Response is not, and does not purport to be, conclusive as to the merit of any particular claim for refugee protection. Please find below the list of sources consulted in researching this Information Request.
Notes
[1] A 2011 article written by Abdi Ismail Samatar, a professor at the University of Minnesota who specializes in Somalia and in the relationship between democracy and development (University of Minnesota n.d.), indicates that the Digil and the Rahanweyne are also among the largest clans in Somalia (Samatar Mar. 2011, 50).
[2] The ITPCM, a part of the Institute of Law, Politics and Development, an interdisciplinary research centre on law, economics and political science of the Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies (Sant'Anna n.d.a), is an organization that helps "enhance international expertise for the peaceful management of conflicts" and "contributes to the development of political, socio-economic and cultural strategies for lasting peace" (Sant'Anna n.d.b).
[3] The ASCL is a "knowledge institute that undertakes research and is involved in teaching about Africa and aims to promote better understanding of and insight into historical, current and future developments in Africa" (ASCL n.d.b).
[4] Roba D. Sharamo is a Commissioner at the National Cohesion and Integration Commission (NCIC) of the Republic of Kenya who "has over 16 years of experience in international development, diplomacy and conflict analysis and resolution (George Mason University n.d.).
References
Abbink, Jan. African Studies Centre, Universiteit Leiden. 2009. The Total Somali Clan Genealogy (second edition).
Armed Conflict Location and Event Dataset (ACLED). [2016]. Clionadh Raleigh, Andrew Linke, Havard Hegre and Joakim Karisen. "All Africa Files." ACLED Version 7 (1997 - 2016). (Standard File) [Accessed 11 Dec. 2017]
Armed Conflict Location and Event Dataset (ACLED). N.d. "About ACLED." [Accessed 11 Dec. 2017]
African Studies Centre Leiden (ASCL), Universiteit Leiden. N.d.a. "Jan Abbink." [Accessed 7 Dec. 2017]
African Studies Centre Leiden (ASCL). N.d.b. "About the ASCL." [Accessed 11 Dec. 2017]
Center for Political Studies, University of Michigan. 28 May 2017. Zhukov, Yuri, Christian Davenport, and Nadiya Kostyuk. xSub: Actor Dictionaries Codebook. [Accessed 28 Nov. 2017]
Center for Research and Dialogue (CRD). May 2004. Conflict Analysis: South-Central Somalia. [Accessed 4 Dec. 2017]
European Union (EU). August 2014. European Asylum Support Office (EASO). South and Central Somalia - Country Overview. [Accessed 5 Dec. 2017]
Farah, Qasim Hersi. October 2016. The Stability/Sustainability Dynamics: The Case of Marine Environmental Management in Somalia. PhD thesis. York University, Canada. [Accessed 28 Nov. 2017]
Feinstein International Center. Tufts University. January 2016. Nisar Majid, Guhad Adan, Khalif Abdirahman, Jeeyon Janet Kim and Daniel Maxwell. Narratives of Famine: Somalia 2011. [Accessed 4 Dec. 2017]
George Mason University. N.d. School for Conflict Analysis and Resolution. "Roba D. Sharamo." [Accessed 12 Dec. 2017]
Gutale, Abdirahman Mohamed. 2008. The Alliance Framework: A Micro-Level Approach to Diagnose Protracted Conflict in South Central Somalia. Master's Thesis. University of Kansas, United States. [Accessed 27 Nov. 2017]
International Business & Technical Consultants, Inc. (IBTCI). 20 September 2017. Sarah Wood, Anna Patterson, Jama Egal, Michael Oloo and Lucas Malla. Transition Initiatives for Stabilization Plus Baseline Assessment Final Report. [Accessed 28 Nov. 2017]
International Business & Technical Consultants, Inc. (IBTCI). N.d. "About IBTCI." [Accessed 11 Dec. 2017]
International Training Programme for Conflict Management (ITPCM). December 2013. "Somalia: Clan and State Politics." ITPCM International Commentary. Vol. IX No. 34. [Accessed 28 Nov. 2017]
Lewis, Ioan Myrddin. 1999. A Pastoral Democracy: A Study of Pastoralism and Politics Among the Northern Somali of the Horn of Africa. Oxford: LIT Verlag Münster-Hamburg and James Currey Publishers.
Mohamed-Abdi, Mohamed. 2000. "Les bouleversements induits par la guerre civile en Somalie : castes marginales et minorités." Autrepart. Vol. 15.
Samatar, Abdi Ismail. 2011. "Debating Somali Identity in a British Tribunal: The Case of the BBC Somali Service." Bildhaan: An International Journal of Somali Studies. Vol. 10. [Accessed 11 Dec. 2017]
Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies. N.d.a. "Institute of Law, Politics and Development." [Accessed 5 Dec. 2017]
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Sharamo, Roba D. 2012. Predatory Politics and Struggles of Peacemaking in Somalia. PhD thesis. George Mason University, United States. [Accessed 4 Dec. 2017]
Solomon, Hussein. 2015. Terrorism and Counter-Terrorism in Africa. Edited by Stuart Croft. Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan.
Somalia. N.d. Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock. "The Minister." [Accessed 6 Dec. 2017]
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WardheerNews.com. 28 January 2015. "Somalia's Prime Minister Names New Cabinet." [Accessed 6 Dec. 2017]
WardheerNews.com. 3 June 2014. "I. M. Lewis 1930-2014: A Great Tree Has Fallen." [Accessed 11 Dec. 2017]
The Bimaal or Bimal, official name: Jamal, (Somali: Biimaal,
Beesha Biimaal, Jamal, or Beesha Jamal, Arabic: بنو
جمال, بنو بيمال) is one of the sub-clans of the major Dir
clan family. This clan is widely known for leading a resistance against the
colonials in southern Somalia for decades which can be compared to the war of
the Sayyid in northern Somalia.[1] [2] [3]
The Biimaal mainly lives in Southern Somalia, the Somali region of
Ethiopia, which their Gaadsen sub-clan mainly inhabits and in the NEP region of
Kenya.[4] [5]
Overview
The Bimal are the dominant clan in Lower Shabelle and make
up the majority, but they also live in the NEP region of Kenya and especially
in large numbers inhabit the Somali region of Ethiopia. The Bimal a belicose
clan that was known for their struggle and long resistance against the
Italians. The Bimal formed their own organization during the war, the Southern
Somali National Movement (SSNM), which name is derived and inspired by the
Somali National Movement, which the Bimal also gave their support and funding
too. Formally allied with Aideed, the chairmain of the SSNM, Colonel Abdi
Warsame in 1993 broke with General Aideed and took part of the SSNM with him
when he aligned himself with Ali Mahdi.[6] [7]
As Dir sub-clan, the Bīmāli have immediate lineal ties with
the Gadabuursi, Surre (Abdalle and Qubeys), the Issa, the Bajimal, the Bursuk,
the Madigan, the Gurgura, the Garre (the Quranyow sub-clan to be precise as
they claim descent from Dir), Gurre, Gariire, other Dir sub-clans and they have
lineal ties with the Hawiye (Irir), Hawadle, Ajuraan, Degoodi, Gaalje'el clan
groups, who share the same ancestor Samaale.[8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14]
History
Merca was established in the 7th century by the Bimaal clan.
The first Somalis arrived in the city in the 6th century and gained control of
the city and trade of the region.[15]
The Bimaal are pastoralists. They were also successful merchants and
traders in the 19th century.[16] The
Bimaal have proved in the past to be a bellicose clan, not only against their
neighbours, but also against Italian colonial encroachment.[17] More than a century ago they had engaged in
multiple wars with the Geledi clan. The Bimaal violently resisted the
imposition of colonialism fought against the Italian colonialists in a
twenty-year war known as the Bimaal revolt in which many of their warriors
assassinated several Italian governors.[16] [18]
