Peace Process Somaliland The Gadabuuris Dir Sultant and Dynasty

The Gadabursi traditionally had a celebrated dynasty of Sultans which had become disrupted, in the 1950s, as a result of disagreement to succession and also because of the division of the clan between the British and Ethiopian administration (I.M. Lewis, 1961:204). In an important clan meeting that took place in Borama town between 12-16 April 1992 the Gadabursi paramount Ugaas was reinstated.



This meeting which was sponsored and participated by this clan's Committee of Intellectuals based in Riad, Saudi Arabia, generated several resolutions apart from the reinstallation of the Ugaas as a symbol Riad, Saudi Arabia, generated several resolutions apart from the reinstallation of the Ugaas as a symbol of Gadabursi unity.



The proclamations of the Gadabursi meeting included a decision to send elder's peace delegations,which had been effected, to reconcile the warring Isaq groups in Hargeisa, Berbera and Burao and a call to organize a general meeting which would deliberate upon the restoration of peace and future prospects of the destabilized "Republic of Somaliland". The creation of a combined Gadabursi force to
defend this clan's territory and interests stands as another resolution, however this did not materialize.



The remaining four Gadabursi Ugaas are heads of major segments of the clan: Nur Yonis, Jibril Yonis,Habar Afan, and Baha Samaron. The last group is indeed an amalgamation of Gadabursi lineage-groups who lived in Gabiley district before their displacement following the establishment of


SNM rule in "Somaliland" in 1991.

The Gadabursi 21 Elder Clan Council is distributed among its three major divisions in
terms of their relative strength. The largest sub-clan, Makahil, is allocated 9 members, while each of the remaining two, Mahad Ase and Habar Afan, is allocated 6 each.

The Proud Somali Dir clan: what Western Scholars say about Dir

In the 1890 when the Majeerteen Boqor Cismaan and Keynadiid submitted to the Italian colonial powers and the British in the North the proud Bimaal Dir clan commenced their 25 year struggle against the Italian powers who bought the Banadir coast from the Omanis.

A proud Dir poet of the Isaaq Arap clan Farah Nuur was shocked when the Majeerten, Warsangali and Isaaq all signed treaties of submission to the British and Italian colonial powers respectively and he said:

The British, the Amhara and the Italians are conniving
The country is snatched, divided by whomever is strong
The country is sold without our knowledge


Ingiriis Axmaariyo Talyaan wey akeekimiye
Arligaa la kala boobayaa nin u itaal roone
Anse ila ah aakhiru Sabaan iligyadiisiiye

Orgigaa riyaha taadaxoo oodda faaliga e
Waa duni hablihii loo ogaa aqalka diideene
Anse ila ah aakhiru sabaan iligyadiisiiye

Waa duni la kala iibsaday oon nala ogeysiine
Waa duni akhyaartii go'day oo aaran soo hadhaye
Waa duni ninkaad aamintaa kuu abees yahaye
Anse ila ah aakhiro sabaan iligyadiisiiye

Waa duni xaqii la arkayaa la arjumayaaye
Waa duni Akhyaartii lahayd iib ku doon tahaye
Anse ila ah aakhiro sabaan iligyadiisiiye

Afka iyo adduunkaa hadloo oodan? sadarkiiye
Ninka gacanta midig oodan tahay laga ilroonaaye
Anse ila ah aakhiro sabaan iligyadiisiiye

Nimanyahow bal daya xaajada lala aguugaayo
Odayaashan loo yeedhay ee la anfac siinaayo
Asxaabihii bayna yidhi gaal ha aaminine

Haddaa niman Islaamiyo tihiin aadan faracdiisa
Oo aydnaan Ilaahay ka go'in hayna oodina'e
Hadduu Awrka dooxada ku furo eel kalaa xigiye
Inaga Daaya yaynaan ku dhicin bahal Afkiisiiye



http://www.farshaxan.com/Gabayaa/faarax_nuur.html


The Biyomaal Dir clan's reaction was to these events was both defience and a call of Jihad against the infidel colonizers.





I M Lewis on the Isaaq


Already in 1961, IM Lewis described the Isaaq as a clan family in its own right, because the Isaaq so regard themselves despite other Somalis group them with the Dir. Furthermore, they do act as a separate clan-family. According to IM Lewis (1961) the Isaaq claim to descend from Ali Bin Abi-Talib and not his brother Aqiil as the other clans claim. However, this is a contentious issue which also plays into the present perceptions of the right of the Isaaq to claim independence in Somaliland versus the ‘others’ perception of belonging to the Dir and hence duty to join the family of a greater Somali union.





WHAT RICHARD BURTON FIRST FOOT STEPS WROTE ABOUT DIR



10 Lieut. Cruttenden applies the term Edoor (Aydur) to the descendants of Ishak, the children of Gerhajis, Awal, and Jailah. His informants and mine differ, therefore, toto coelo. According to some, Dirr was the father of Aydur; .


The old and pagan genealogies still known to the Somal, are Dirr, Aydur, Darud, and, according to some, Hawiyah. Dirr and Aydur, of whom nothing is certainly known but the name10, are the progenitors of the northern Somal, the Eesa, Gudabirsi, Ishak, and Bursuk tribes. Darud Jabarti 11 bin Ismail bin Akil (or Ukayl) is supposed by his descendants to have been a noble Arab from El Hejaz, who, obliged to flee his country, was wrecked on the north-east coast of Africa, where he married a daughter of the Hawiyah tribe: rival races declare him to have been a Galla slave, who, stealing the Prophet’s slippers12, was dismissed with the words, Inna-tarad-na-hu (verily we have rejected him): hence his name Tarud ([Arabic]) or Darud, the Rejected.13 The etymological part of the story is, doubtless, fabulous; it expresses, however, the popular belief that the founder of the eastward or windward tribes, now extending over the seaboard from Bunder Jedid to Ras Hafun, and southward from the sea to the Webbes14, was a man of ignoble origin. The children of Darud are now divided into two great bodies: “Harti” is the family name of the Dulbahanta, Ogadayn, Warsangali and Mijjarthayn, who call themselves sons of Harti bin Kombo bin Kabl Ullah bin Darud: the other Darud tribes not included under that appellation are the Girhi, Berteri, Marayhan, and Bahabr Ali. The Hawiyah are doubtless of ancient and pagan origin; they call all Somal except themselves Hashiyah, and thus claim to be equivalent to the rest of the nation. Some attempt, as usual, to establish a holy origin, deriving themselves like the Shaykhash from the Caliph Abubekr: the antiquity, and consequently the Pagan origin of the Hawiyah are proved by its present widely scattered state; it is a powerful tribe in the Mijjarthayn country, and yet is found in the hills of Harar.

The Somal, therefore, by their own traditions, as well as their strongly marked physical peculiarities, their customs, and their geographical position, may be determined to be a half-caste tribe, an offshoot of the great Galla race, approximated, like the originally Negro-Egyptian, to the Caucasian type by a steady influx of pure Asiatic blood.


10 Lieut. Cruttenden applies the term Edoor (Aydur) to the descendants of Ishak, the children of Gerhajis, Awal, and Jailah. His informants and mine differ, therefore, toto coelo. According to some, Dirr was the father of Aydur; .

Quranyow Maxammed Xiniftire Dir iyo Tuuf Garre

QURANYOW MAXAMED XINIFTIRE (GARRE)


Bari hore ayaa waxa Quranyow oo ka timid " naaneys" kii Quranka wax ku daweeyay ama " Quraamiyow" waxa uu la kulmay nin odey ah oo la oran jiray Tuuf oo ahaa ina Gardheere Samaale iyo Gabar uu dhalay oo xanuunsaneysa, waxaa la yiri Quranyow oo ahaa nin sheekha ayaa Tuuf wuxuu u daweeyay gabadhisi Makko ee xanuunsaneysay. Halkaan xiriir ayaa ka abuurmay oo Quranyow oo Gadhleh iyo nanaysta Quranyow u baxday iyo Tuuf Gardheere Samaale iyo walalkii Umaacia ayaa wada xididay kadibna sameystay xiriir xididnimo iyo walaal nimo ka dib markii ay galeen xilli ay Booranta Oromo iyo Arsi ay hoos galeen.

Gadhle ( Quranyow) Maxammed Xiniftire waxa uu guursaday Mako oo u dhashay Laba wiil oo ah Ilma Quranyow:

Furkesho ( Furkisho) oo dhalay 7 wiil Hoodkooy, Huredeeq, Daarawa, Birkaya, Hooytare, Kalweesh, Suubukitre.

Iyo Asaare oo Furkisho walaalkiis ah oo dhalay Baana iyo Kiliye. Waana ilma Xiniftire Maahe Dir. Quranyowga wexey sheegan Tuuf oo Sodog u ahaa Quranyow islamarkaan dhihi jiray Adeer baan kuu ahay iyo Quranyow in ay dhaxalka isku darsadeen oo uu Tuuf xoolihiis u dhiibay Quranyow Gaare kuna yidhi wilashiisi sidii Suul Goroyo Gaabta hadii aad ka hadhaan wiilkan adeerka u ahay qabana qabadheyda.

DADKA GARE WAA LABO:

1) Midi waa Tuuf waana Tuuf Gardheere Samaale: Gardheere wuxuu dhalay Garre iyo Umaacia

TuuF wuxuu dhalay labo wiil:

Ali ( Afarta Gember Ali) iyo Adoola (Afar Reer Muug)

Ali wuxuu dhalay: Tawulle, Kaluula, iyo Subdhaw

8da Adoola


Adoola wuxuu dhalay Qalweyn, Odomai, Kalmassa, Bursani, Tubadi, Reer Mug, Maid, Maqaabil,


2) Qeybta Badan ee Dadka Garre Waa Dir oo waa Quranyow Maxammed Xiniftire

Qarnigii 1500 ayaa waxaa Konfurta Somalia u hayaamay beelo Maxammed Xiniftire ah oo ay Ka mid yihiin Biimaal, Badimaal, Gadsan iyo Quranyow Maxammed Xiniftire oo ay walaalo yihin beelaha Isaaq, xiligan waa xiligii Axmed Gurey Cidamadiisi ay Jabiyeen Amxaarada Kiristanka ah oo Adeegsaneysa hubkii PORTAQEESKA IYO QIBTIGA (COPTICS OF EGYPT) MASAR.

Waxaa ay rumeysanyihiin Garraha qeybt Gardheere Samaalaha ah Tuuf ( Adoole iyo Ali) in ay Quranyoow maxammed xinftire Adeer u yihiin oo ay isla dhaqmeen, mid noqdeen kadib markii ay hoos galeen xukunkii Gaalada- Oromada ah ee Booran iyo Aruuso.

Waxaa ay sheegan in: Quranyow Maxammed oo Dir ah kana ah Maxammed Xiniftire Mahe Dir rumeysana in ay la dhasheen Biimaal Maxammed, Bajimaal Maxammed iyo Isaaq Maxammed iyo Madaluug Maxammed oo ay Quranyowgu dhahaan waa ina Xiniftire.

Say doontaba ha ahaatee, Gardheere Samaale wuxuu dhalay Tuuf iyo Gabadh la oran Jiray Makko, Quranyow Maxammed oo Sheikh Quraan ah ayaa Gardheere la kulmay oo gabadhisi xanuunsaneyso, Quranyow ayaa sheikh Quraan ahaa oo Saaray Quraan. Odeygii Gardheere Samaale oo dhalay Tuuf Gardheer, Garrena ah waxaa uu ugu yeeri jiray Quranyow Adeer sababta oo ah waa ka fil weynaa Dir oo Samaale ayuu toos u gali jiray.

Quranyow markii uu daweyay gabadhii Mako eey walaalaha ahayeen tuuf waxaa u hirgashay inuu yahay sheikh wax Quraamiya, Odeygii Tuuf abihii wuxuu siyay Mako oo ah gabadhii u dhalay.

Quranyow oo la baxay Aw Qurraanyo noqdayna sheeikh weyn ay Oromada Gaalada ah ee Boranta dhex dagay iyo Raxanweynta Digil.

Quranyow wexey u kala baxaan: Furkisho (Forkisho) iyo Asarre.

Waxaan ay diidaan in ay yihiin dadka ay ku milmeen sida Raxanweynta Bay iyo Boranta NFD. Marka, Tuuf iyo Quranyow walaalo ma noqon karaan ayay yirahdan Quranyowga waayo hadii ay walaalo yihiin sidee buu u guursaday Quranyow gabadha Makko ileen Walaashi abe iyo hooyo dhaleen ma geeyee.

MADOO BE DIR/ MADAXWEYNECIYAAR SOMALI- CIYAARAHA DIRKA GALBEED

FANANADII NIMCO JAMAC EE DALKA DIREED DJABOUTI

Magaalada Diraa Dhabe: the home of the Dir people

""Magaalada Diraa Dhabe oo ah dalka Gurgure Madaxweyn Dir, isla Markaana hooy u ha walaal hood Ciise Madoobe Dir- Akisho Madaxweyne Dir. Ali Madaxweyne iyo Madaluug Dir Gadabuursi = waa meeshuu Maahe Dir Xiniftire oo Dhalay--Bimaal, Isaaq, Gaadsan iyo Surre (Qobeys iyo Cabdalle Mahe Dir) ka soo wada farcameen. Dabruube iyo Bajimaal

Diraa Dhabay- waa meeshuu waranka ka taagay Dir; maanta Tigree Amxar iyo Oromo ayaa kugu haysta.

dhageeyso Xabashigaan Dir Dir ta ka yeereysa

Direey hurdada ka kac- caashimadahaaga Merka, Galool, Toofiq, Galgaduud (Xeraale, Bacadweyn, Cammaara,Galkacayo)Nageele, Erer Dira dhabe Djabouti Zailac Hiiraan Doolow Luuq Jamaame Qoryooley Hargeysa Ceeri Gaabo Gibiley Nusdariiq, Babiley Harrar Faynbiiro Marsabit Ceelwaaqa (Quranyo Maxammed Darawa=Farkisho iyo Asarre  Kaliye) Awdeegle iyo Boorame Boon bal ka fikir Direey

BIIMAAL WORRIORS AND THEIR STRUGGLE WITH ITALIANS

Brave Worriors: Biyomaal Maxammed Xiniftire Mahe Dir





While Boqor Cismaan and Keynadiid of the Majeerteen were selling Somalia to the Italians. And Isaaq, Warsangali, and Dhulbahante submitted to the British colonialist without putting up any struggles the proud Biyomaal Dir faced the enemies with bare spears and clubs the killed many and every time you see Xawo Tako and Mahammed Somali remember it was the Biyomaal.

The Biimal clan is divided into Sacad, Ismiin, Daahow and Suleyman.

The Bimaal was the only Somali clan that put up a major resistence against Italian colonialism and they have lost thousands of worriors in their struggle with the Italians.

This is know as the Biimal Resistence Movement which the Bimaala killed Captain Cecchi and thirteen Italian soldiers at place called "Lafoole" the place of bones.


Also at Turunley thousands of Biimal worriors faced an Italian regiment with primitive weapons and sustained high casualties.

Culture and customs of Somalia By Mohamed Diriye Abdullahi, P 23



The Biimaal retained their Pastoral way of life and maintained " Slaves" that is not true the Bimaal allowed freed slaves who escaped the Gelledi and other Rahanweyn groups to settle in their territories and to cultivate. They exchanged and bartered with the Bantu: the Biyomaal provided meat, Ghee (subag) and milk while the Bantu who were under their protection provided Barley, wheat and farmed cotton as early as 1890.

Infibulation: female mutilation in Islamic northeastern Africa By Esther K. Hicks P 260 Also See Muslim Brotherhoods (Biimal resistence)







Politics, language, and thought: the Somali experience By David D. Laitin

Read What the Dictionary of African People said about Dir dictionary By James Stuart Olson

The peoples of Africa: an ethnohistorical dictionary By James Stuart Olson