Somali astrological, Scientific and Mathematical terms In Somali and English - Links to Free PDF Files of Somali Scientific Dictionaries

Astronomy/Astrology; Space = Fagaagga
Space and Time = Fagaagga iyo Semen
Solar System = Iskujoogga qorraxda
The Solar System = Isku-joog qorraxeed
Galaxies = Diillimo-caanoodyo


Planets = Meerayaasha
Planet = Meere
Planet = Malluug

The Sun = Qorraxda
Moon = Dayax
Mercury = Dusaa
Venus = Waxaraxirta(Sugra) ama Bakool
Earth = Dhulka
Mars = Farraare
Jupiter = Cirjeex
Saturn = Raage
Uranus = Uraano
Neptune = Docay

Saturn rings = Garaangaraha Raage ama Saxal
Dwarf planet = meere-cillin ah
Nebulae = Ciiryamada xiddigaha
Crab Nebula = Ciiryaamada
Super Nova = Xiddig dhimanaaya


Asteroids = Dhadhaabyo
Comets = Dibdheeryo
Meteorider = Burburka jibinta ama xiddigaha ridma
Meteor = Jibin
Meteorites = cir-kasoo-dhac ama shiidmadoobe

Light Year = If-sanadeed
Black holes = Dalool-madowbaha
Open Universe = Koonka Furan
Closed Universe = Koonka Xiran
Expanding Universe = isbaahidda Koonka
Light = ifka
Speed of Light = Xawliga ifka
Cosmos = Koonka
Color Spectrum = shucaaca ilayska-ifka

Lunar Eclipse = Dayax-madoobaad
Solar Eclipse = Qorrax-madoobaad
Calendar = Shintiris-sanadeedka
Leap Year = Sanad shindhalad ah

Astronomy = Xiddiga'aqoonta
Astronomers = ogaalyahannada xiddigo-aqoonta
Satellite = Dayaxgacmeed
Navigation Satellites = Hagidda dayaxgacmeedyada
Space Exploration = Sahminta fagaagga sare adduunka
Earth-based observatories = Rugaha kuurgalka fagaagga dhulkaku Saldhigan
Research Centres = Rugo cilmibaaris
Spacecraft = Gaadiidka Cir-maaxidda
Spaceships = Maraakiibta cir-maaxidda
Robot Vehicle = Alaadaha dadoobisan
Telescope = Doorbin
Mirror = Biladdaye
Lenses = Quraarada cadaska
Zoom = Waxweyneynta
Observatories = Rugo-kuurgal


Spherical = Ugxan
Rotation = meerwareeg
Rotate = udub-wareeg
North Pole = Qudbiga waqooyi
South Pole = Qudbiga konfur
Northern Lights = Wirwirka Qudbiga woqoyi
Southern Lights = Wirwirka Qudbiga koofureede
Equator = dhulbaraha

Core = Bu'
Inner core = Bu’da gudo-xigeenka
Sulfuric Acid = aashitada kibriidka
Greenhouse effect = kulaylkaydinta


Astronomical unit = Halbeegga xiddigaha
Diameter = Dhexroorka
Formula = Hab-xisaabeed

Particles = bitaanbitooyin
Anti-Particles = lidka-bitaanbitooyinka
Particles = iniino
Nuclear reaction = iskushubmidda bu'aha
Magnetic Field = Birlabta
Charge electricity = Cabbeynta Shixnadaha Jacda

Gravitational Forces = cuf-isjiidashada ama xoogga-jiiddada
Gravity = Cuf-jiiddada
Circuit: Mareegta
Current= Qulqulka
Forces = Xoogag
Earth's gravity = Xoogga-jiiddada dhulka

Inertia Law = Xogta qaynuunka nuuxsi wax-negaadsan
Acceleration = Xowli
Response Act = Qaynuunka falka iyo falcelinta
Theory of Relativity = Fikriga isudhiganka
Quantum Theory = Fikriga imisada ama meeqada
Mass = Jir
Energy = Tabarta
Relative = Hadba Rogmada
Electromagnetic wavelengths = Dhererka hirarka ku danabeysan birlabta

Pyramids = Taallo-tiirriyaadyo
Zodiac = Cutubka Meecaad
Constellations = Cutubyada xiddigaha


Aries = laxo
Scorpion =daba-alleele ama dib-qallooc
Cancer = naaf
Gemeni = mataanaha
Virgo = afaggaal
Sagittarius = dameerajoogeen
Pleiades =Urur
Leo = Libaax







Capacitor = Madhxiye
Resistor = Caabiye
Diode = Laba Qotinle
Transformer = Dooriye






Socod Karaarsan = Accelerated Motion

Amin = Time

Barobax = Displacement

Fogaan = Distance

Karaar = Acceleration

Keynaan = Velocity

Xawaare = Speed

Celcelis = Average

Socod Winiin = Circular Motion

Barobax –xagleed = Angular Displacement

Gacan = Radius

Karaar –xagleed = Angular Acceleration

Keynaan –xagleed = Angular Velocity

Xoog = Force

Culeys = Weight

Xoog –cuf –isjiidad = Gravitational Force

Xoog –dilaac = Shear Force

Xoog –giigsan = Tensile Force (tension)

Xoog –islis = Frictional Force

Xoog –ligan = Normal Force

Xoog –taab = Tangential Force

Xoog –urrur = Compressive Force (compression)

Xoog –xudumeed = Centripetal Force

Weheliyaha isliska = Coefficient of Friction

Daafad = Momentum!!!

Daafad –xagleed = Angular Momentum

Gujo = Impulse

Gujo –xagleed = Angular impulse

Kalka = Period

Maroojin = Moment

Maroojinta Wahsiga = Moment of inertia (Angular mass)

Walhade = Pendulum

Tamar = Energy!!!!!!

Hawl = Work

Awood = Power

Tamar-keyd = Potential Energy

Tamar-socod = Kinetic Energy


Speed = Xawaare
Velocity = Kaynaan
Acceleration = Karaar (I think this is more appropriate than xowli and this is how i remember it from Fiisigiska)
Deceleration = Karaar-jab


Average Velocity： Kaynaan Celcelis
Momentum: Daabadayn
Diffusion: Saydhin
Capacitor: Madhxinta
Capacitance Capacitor: Madhxinta madhxiye
Radio Activity: Kaah
Infrared: Casaan Dhiimeed
Decay: Qudhmis
Decay series: Qudhmis isdaba Joog
Resistance: Iska caabin
Concave Mirror: Bikaaco Golxeed
Convex Mirror: Bikaaco Tuureed
Virtual Image: Humaag Beeneed
Real Image: Humaag runeed
Displace Ment: Baro bixin
Noble gases: Hawooyinka Wahsada
Vector: Leeb



Hir = Wave!!!!!!!!!

Daryan = Echo

Itaal = Intensity

Tooxda maqalka = Range of audibility

Danan = Pitch

Isku duba-dhac = Resonance

Ileys = Light !!!!!!

Noqod = Reflection

Daahfurran/gudbiye = Transparent

Falaar abaareed = Incident ray

Golxo = Concave

Tuur = Convex

Xagasha qiirqiirka = Critical angle



Xisaab MATHS!

Soomaali = English

Tiro = Number

Tiro tirsiimo = Natural number

Tiro idil = Whole number

Abyoone = Integer

Jajab/Tiro lakab = Rational number

Mutaxan = Prime

Farac = Composite

Tiro maangal ah = Real number

Tiro maangad ah = Imaginary number

Tiro kakan = Complex number

Wadar = Sum

Faraq = difference

Taran = Product

Qeyb = Quotient

Urur = Set

Hormo-urur = Subset

Hormo-urur quman = Proper subset

Dhextaal = Intersection

Isutag = Union

Duleedin = Complement

Aljebro = Aljebra

Doorsoome = Variable

Tibix = Term

Hawraar = Expression

Tibxaale = Polynomial

Heer = Degree

Hawraar lakab = Rational expression

Isirayn = Factorization

Isir = Factor

Isle’eg = Equation

Isle’eg toosan = Linear equation

Isle’eg wadajira = Simultaneous equation

Sunsun = Sequence

Dareerimo = Series

Faansaar = Function

Wanqar = Symmetry

Tikraar = Intercept

Made = Asymptote

Tiirada = Slope

Weydaar = Inverse

Qiime sugan = Absolute value

Xididshe = Radical

Saabley = Quadratic equation

Joomitiri Geomtry

Bar = Point

Xariiq = Line

Xagal = Angle

Fool = Bearing

Barbaro = Parallel

Qoton = Perpendicular

Sallax = Plane

Goobo = Circle

Gacan = Radius

Dhexroor/Dhexfur = Diameter

Qaanso = Arc

Fatuuq = Sector

Labojibaarane = Square

Dhinac = Side

Laydi = Rectangle

Dherer = Length

Balac = Width

Saddex-xagal = Triangle

Sal = base

Joog = Height

Gundho = Centroid

Barbaroole = Parallelogram

Koor = Trapezoid

Qardhaas = Rhombus

Gunbur = Pyramid

Toobin = Cone

Dhululubo = Cylinder

Gabal Toobineed = Conic section

Goobo = Circle

Saab = Parabola

Gees = Vertex

Jeedshe = Directrix

Kulmis = Focus

Qabaal = Ellipse

Kulmisyo = Foci

Dhidib weyne = Major axis

Dhidib yare = Minor axis

Labosaab = Hyperbola

Dhidib-wadaaje = Transverse axis

Dhidib-xisti = Conjugate axis

Taxaneyaal = Matrices

Taxane = Matrix

Jiiftax = Row

Joogtax = Colunm

Suge = Determinant

Leeb = Vector

Itimaal = Probability

Abnaqan = Factorial

Raaboqaad = Permutation

Racayn = Combination

Waqdhac = Event

Xigidda = Differentiation

Xad = Limit

Xigsin = Derivative

Lid-xigsin = antiderivative

Abyan = Integration

Abyane huban = Definite integral



Fisikis dictionary 1987; http://dspace-roma3.caspur.it/bitstream/2307/788/1/Qaamuuska eray-bixinta ee Fisikis.pdf

Juqraafi ; http://dspace-roma3.caspur.it/bitstream/2307/785/1/Qaamuuska eray-bixinta ee Juqraafi.pdf

Xisaab; http://dspace-roma3.caspur.it/bitstream/2307/803/1/Qaamuuska eray-bixinta ee Xisaab.pdf

Kimistari ; http://dspace-roma3.caspur.it/bitstream/2307/787/1/Qaamuuska eray-bixinta ee Kimistari.pdf

Bayoolaji ; http://dspace-roma3.caspur.it/bitst... bixinta ee Bayoolaji_1987_42pag_lavorato.pdf

Boqortoyadii Adal Empire ee Direed The Somali Adal Dir Empire of Zeyla - Ahmed Ibrahim Gurey

The Adal empire

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It was on the 13th century that came to the light, in Horn of Africa, one of the strongest Empire that existed in East Africa. Adal Empire had its origins in the city of Zeyla, situated until today in the northern region of the former Democratic Republic of Somalia. The father of that State was King Omar D. Ahmed (nicknamed Aw-Barkhadle). The king who had a long life, occupied the throne for many years. When he passed away, he left behind him many children, mainly males. Among them, the successors to the throne who inherited the kingdom. Later, Adal Empire became an Islamic Empire that expanded the religion of Islam with determination, into the entire Horn of Africa.

                                                                              

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Adal Empire was composed of seven (7) States. According to the size of their land and the military forces of each state, here is their names: Ifaad, Dawaaro, Araabiini, Hadaya, Sharqa, Baali and Daara, where each of them had its own government. The largest and strongest State Ifaad, known from Egypt and “Shaam” as Zeyla’s land, became later the dominant and the central one with its capital city of Zeyla. Ifaad will lead the entire Empire and will face many challenges. According to the historians of that period, Ifaad was large as 20 days of walk from North to South and 15 days of walk from East to West. Its military force was composed of 15000 cavaliers and 20000 of infantries

In a book titled “Masaalikal-Absaar”(this is in Somali spelling), the Egyptian author, Subhul Ahsha mentioned that Zeyla was the nucleus city of Adal Empire. Continuing into the description of this city, he added that Zeyla was “The City of Light”, which had many Mosques and many schools, where all kind of subjects were taught. In fact, Mr. Ahsha described Zeylac as “The Place” where one can acquire any kind of knowledge that may be taught in that period of time. The author added in his description that the people were 100% Muslim. Mr. Ahsha said that they were gathering in large number into the Mosques of the city, as faithful believers to Islam. According to this writing, these Mosques could be compared to the municipal libraries that can be found today in big cities of our century. In addition of that, schools were places where people use to enjoy meeting, share knowledge, discuss about social issues and debate intellectually. As a matter of fact, Zeyla was known as the place where the knowledge was at the merci of everyone.

Remarked by its faithful actions, other Islamic States in the world called Adal Empire “Diraasal-Islaam”.

The Walashma dynasty was a Somali Muslim noble family who ruled parts of what is now eastern Ethiopia, Djibouti, southern Eritrea and western Somalia. The earliest known member of this family was Umar ibn Dunya-huz (died 1275), whose son Ali ibn Wali Ashma conquered the Muslim kingdom of Shewa.

List of rulers of the Walashma dynasty

Haqq ad-Din I

Sabr ad-Din I

Jamal ad-Din I

Ali ibn Sabr ad-Din

Ahmad ibn Ali

Haqq ad-Din II

Sa’ad ad-Din II

Sabr ad-Din II

Mansur ad-Din

Jamal ad-Din II

Badlay ibn Sa’ad ad-Din

Muhammad ibn Badlay

Shams ad-Din ibn Muhammad

Muhammad ibn Azhar ad-Din

Abu Bakr ibn Muhammad

Umar Din

Ali ibn Umar Din

Barakat ibn Umar Din

Adal declined because of the oromo expansion and the rivalry between kings of the adal empire which resulted in it’s political power to end in the 1700’s​

Qabrigii  Awoow Imam Nuur Harar

Ahmad ibn Ibrihim al-Ghazi (c.1507 – February 21, 1543) was a Somali Imam and General who defeated several Ethiopian emperors and wreaked much damage on that nation. He is also known as Ahmad Gurey, “Ahmed the left-handed”.

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He was born near Zeila, a port city located in northwestern Somalia, and married Bati del Wambara,

the daughter of governor Mahfuz of Zeila. When Mahfuz was killed returning from a campaign against the Ethiopian emperor Lebna Dengel in 1517, the Adal sultanate lapsed into anarchy for several years, until Imam Ahmad killed the last of the contenders for power and took control of Harar.


In retaliation for an attack on Adal in 1527-8 by the Ethiopian general Degalhan, Imam Ahmad invaded Ethiopia in 1529. Although his troops were fearful of their opponents, and attempted to desert upon news that the Ethiopian army was approaching, Imam Ahmad relied on his elite company armed with matchlocks, and defeated emperor Lebne Dengel at Shimbra Kure that March.1

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Imam Ahmad campaigned again in Ethiopia in 1531, breaking Emperor Lebna Dengel’s ability to resist in the Battle of Amba Sel on October 28, then marched north to loot the island monastery of Lake Hayq and the stone churches of Lalibela. When the Imam entered the province of Tigray, he defeated an Ethiopian army that confronted him there, and on reaching Axum destroyed the Church of Our Lady Mary of Zion, in which the Ethiopian emperors had been coronated for centuries.

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Things changed when the Portuguese paid a visit to the court of Emperor Lebne Dengel, in 1492


… Ahmed Gurey improved his victory by chasing the young Claudius (king of Ethiopia) over Abyssinia, where nothing opposed the progress of his arms. At last the few Portuguese survivors repaired to the Christian Emperor, who was persuaded to march an army against the King of Adal (Ahmed Gurey) . Resolved to revenge their general, the harquebusiers demanded the post opposite Mohammed, and directed all their efforts against the part where the Moslem stood. His fellow religionists still relate that when Gurey fell in action, his wife Talwambara, the heroic daughter of Mohfuz, to prevent the destruction and dispersion of the host of al-Islam, buried the corpse privately, and caused a slave to personate the King, until a retreat to safe lands enabled her to discover the stratagem to the noble.

thus after a 30 yr jihad the King of Adal perished


Ahmed was succeeded on the throne of Adel by Amir Nur,



son of Majid, and, according to some, brother to the ‘left-handed’. He proposed marriage to Talwambara, who accepted him on condition that he should lay the head of the Emperor Claudius at her feet. In AD 1559, he (Amir Nur) sent a message of defiance to the Negush (Ethiopian Emperor Claudius) who, having saved Abyssinia almost by a miracle, was rebuilding on Debra Work, the ‘Golden Mount’, a celebrated structure which had been burned by the Muslims. Claudius despising the eclipses, evil prophecies, and portents which accompanied his enemy’s progress, accepted the challenge.


son of Majid, and, according to some, brother to the ‘left-handed’. He proposed marriage to Talwambara, who accepted him on condition that he should lay the head of the Emperor Claudius at her feet. In AD 1559, he (Amir Nur) sent a message of defiance to the Negush (Ethiopian Emperor Claudius) who, having saved Abyssinia almost by a miracle, was rebuilding on Debra Work, the ‘Golden Mount’, a celebrated structure which had been burned by the Muslims. Claudius despising the eclipses, evil prophecies, and portents which accompanied his enemy’s progress, accepted the challenge.



Claudius, supported by a handful of Portuguese, were soon slain around him, and he fell covered with wounds.

Amir Nur cut off his head, and laid it at the feet of Talwambara, who, in observance of her pledge, became his wife. Talwambara suspended the trophy by its hair to the branch of a tree opposite her abode that her eyes might be gladdened by the sight; after hanging for two years, it was purchased by an American merchant, who interred it in the sepulcher of St. Claudius at Antioct.

The ultimately the death of Ahmad Gurey was a very great blow to the Somalis. His wife and her new husband Amir Nur continued fighting for seven years with the Ethiopians, but they were in fact pushed from Addis Ababa to the border near river Haiwaish (‘Awash’) because of the Portuguese help to the Ethiopian Guerillas.

After seven years of fighting. Amir Nur and his wife withdrew to their previous headquarter at Harar and again Harar became the principal Somali city. When she died, her son Amir Abdullahi succeeded. His dynasty ruled Harar till 1884,

Amir Nuur and The Infamous Wall Of Harrar
Harar while not a city in Somalia was a city founded (for the most part) by a Somali Muslim dynasty known as the Wilinwili/ Walashma who ruled over the Ifat and Adal Sultanates. It's famous encircling wall was built under the orders of Nur Ibn Mujahid, a Somali...
Harar was once a great holy city of Islam. It's wall penetrated by five gates for the Five Pillars of Islam; within them were 99 Mosques for the 99 Names of Allah. Today only 82 of those Mosques stand and the city is a pale reflection of its former self. It was torn apart and rotted largely due to switching hands from Muslim dynasty to Muslim dynasty and also at certain points and finally coming into the hands of the Abyssinian Empire. It is today a UNESCO World Heritage Site in Ethiopia.

The wall was built to Protect inhabitants of the city from Invaders(Particurlarly Oromo and Christians)
Amir Nuur abolished all genealogies so that the people in the city of Harrar could be all considered equal as ''Harraris''

The Cannon That Was Used During The Conquest!
Ahmed Gurey was the first commander to use cannon warfare on the continent during Adal's conquest of the Ethiopian Empire