The Somali Dir Clan's History: Codka Beesha Direed: Qoraalo Tarikho Ku Saabsan Beesha Bimaal - Geledi iyo Halgankii Biyamaal iyo Talyaniga

In the first article we saw how the Geledi people settled on the banks of the river Shabeelle, in the town that is now known as Afgooye, where they liberated themselves from the rule of the Silcis and became allies of the Wacdaan clan who had settled on the opposite bank of the river. By counting the generations we can tell that this must have been towards the end of the 17th century CE (11th century AH).

The Geledi went on to prosper and became a small city state whose wealth rested on farming and trade. The rich soil of the river bank produced abundant crops, and their settlement was located at the point where the important caravan route from the interior to the port city of Mogadishu crossed the Shabeelle river, so that it became a major market and its rulers collected tolls from the caravans. It also made them rivals of another powerful clan, the Biimaal, who controlled the parallel trade route to the port of Marka. The Geledi had their own system of government. At the head of the community was - and still is - the man known as the Sheikh or the Suldaan. This double title shows that he is both a religious and a political leader; but he is no absolute ruler, but rather the 'first among equals'. For about three centuries this role has been held by a member of the Gobroon lineage.

The most famous Suldaan of the Geledi was Yuusuf Maxamuud Ibraahim, who reigned in the early part of the 19th century CE (13th AH). It was Yuusuf who led the Geledi to become the dominating power in southern Somalia at the time. His authority rested on a combination of political and military ability with a reputation for religious baraka and knowledge of divination and mystical arts (wardi and tacdaar or asraar). At this time the Somali coast was nominally under the rule of the Omani Sultans of Zanzibar, but in reality their rule did not mount to much and certainly did not extend inland. The formerly great city of Mogadishu (Xamar) had declined into a very poor condition, so that the real power passed to the Geledi inland, and Yuusuf was able to take advantage of that.

We know the history of Yuusuf, both from the memories that are preserved by his people, and from the eyewitness accounts of two Europeans, who both visited Geledi (as the town was then known) in the 1840s because they were interested in setting up trade relations. The first was an English sailor, Lt. William Christopher of the British East India Company. This is his description of Yuusuf, dated April 11th 1843:

'The chief is a tall man with an intelligent countenance, about 45 years old, dressed only in a long white cloth loosely thrown around his person... his head is shaven and he has a scant beard round the edge of the lower part of the face...'

The second visitor was a Frenchman, Captain Charles Guillain, who was there five years later. He did not succeed in meeting Yuusuf, who was away, but he met his two brothers: Ibrahim, whom he describes as ‘a man of authority and ideas’ whose ‘sharp, jutting profile suggested a spirit of cunning and intrigue’, and Muuse, a very tall man who ‘though his features do not show the energy of the soldier... generally accompanies Yuusuf when he goes to war’. Guillain has left us a vivid description of the town of Geledi as it was at that time (it was not then generally called Afgooye). This is what he wrote:

‘I enjoyed following the paths which ran through the village, ... irregular and capricious as an arabesque design. The picturesque appearance of this barbarian city, dotted here and there with trees, shrubs and little patches of millet or sesame, was not without charm. the gaiety of the facial expression of the inhabitants, the vivacity of their gait, gestures and speech; the women, carrying jars on their heads1 to fill them in the river; the great oxen, the donkeys with their loads, the lines of camels making their way through the fields or fording the river, followed and urged on by their drivers with long slender spears; and then, in the midst of the groups of huts gilded by the sun, clumps of greenery where a multitude of brilliantly coloured birds fluttered, sometimes hanging their nests on the very tips of the branches which overhung the river; and finally the river itself, with its deep bed, its winding course, its steep banks edged with a border of dense bushes; rolling its muddied waters, constantly stirred up by the trampling of men and beasts on their way across; all this formed a picture as cheerful as it was animated...’ In his book about his journey he also published a picture, showing a view of Geledi which was still recognisable until recently, though there have been so many changes, and the town has grown so much.

From this base, Yuusuf made Geledi the centre of a network of alliances extending over most of southern Somalia. By 1842 he was able to lead out an army of about 8,000 men to help settle a succession dispute in Mogadishu. The next year came his most famous achievement, the victory over the community of Baardheere on the Jubba river. This was a religious brotherhood, 'jamaacad', founded in the 1820s. By the 1840s it was headed by Sharif Ibraahim and Sharif Cabderraxmaan, whose zeal to reform the way of life of the southern Somali peoples, and bring it closer to true Islam as interpreted by the brotherhood, won them devoted support, but also violent hostility. The brotherhood forbade dancing and the chewing of tobacco. Its women members covered their faces with veils and their legs with a kind of trousers. Sheikh Ibraahim also forbade the handling of elephant or hippopotamus tusks, since these were unclean animals. This proposal would have ruined the ivory trade, and it therefore made him an enemy to trading clans like the Kasar Gudda of Luuq. He had started to impose these reforms by force on the surrounding clans, and had captured the city of Baraawe, where the inhabitants were obliged to obey his orders. It was naturally to Yuusuf, as the strongest ruler in the area, that other clans turned for protection and leadership. It was not just a matter of trade and economics. He too was a religious leader, and was defending a more traditional kind of Islam, angrily rejecting the accusations of the Sheikh of Bardheere that he was an 'infidel'.

A large army from a wide alliance of clans gathered to Yuusuf; the whole country, it was said, was empty of men of fighting age - only old men, women and children were left. They besieged, attacked and defeated the Baardheerans, killed their leading sheikhs and burnt the settlement to the ground (though it was later revived).

Many stories are told about this campaign, for instance that Yuusuf's army had with them four large haan milk vessels filled with bees. They opened these and the bees flew at the Baardheere army, driving them into panic. Ever since, the Gobroon Sultan is praised as 'shinni duuliow', 'who makes war with bees'.

The fame and prestige of this victory were immense. For the next few years the Geledi were far the strongest power in the region, and most of the other clans hurried to become allied with them. However, enmity continued between them and the Biimaal clan, who had supported the Baardheerans. Yuusuf, once again at the head of an army drawn from many clans, attacked Marka early in 1847; the Biimaal were defeated,and the city surrendered. But the main body of the Biimaal, who lived outside the town, had not submitted to him. The following year, Yuusuf, with his brother Muuse, again gathered an army at Golweyn in order to give battle to them. The two armies met at Cadcadey near Jilib, at midday on Friday the 12 May 1848 (8th of Jumaada II, 1264 AH). We know the exact date because it was recorded by Captain Guillain, who received the news just before he left Somalia. The battle was very bloody, the Geledi were routed, and Yuusuf was killed together with his brother Muuse.

Dhulkii Cadcadey, dhib aa ku dhahayo Nin oon dhimahayn dhulkiis ha joogo.

But there is a tradition that Yuusuf did not die in the battle; he disappeared mysteriously; some old people say that ‘he flew’ – as the greatest sheikhs among the southern Somali – and years later pilgrims to Mecca saw him there. He was such a great man in his people’s minds that they refused to believe in his death.

The power of the Geledi never fully recovered from this defeat, though Yuusuf’s son Axmed tried to maintain it until he too was killed in battle in 1878. By the time of the Italian colonial take-over in the 1890s, the Geledi were no longer a major force. However the people of Afgooye and southern Somalia still remember the 'golden age' of Suldaan Yuusuf.

Bibliography

Yuusuf’s life is known from local traditions which were told to me in the 1960s and 1980s. It is also known from two contemporary European witnesses: Lieut. W. Christopher,(Journal of the Royal Geographical Society 1844, XI :76-103) and Captain Charles Guillain, (Documents sur l’histoire, la geographie et la commerce de l’Afrique orientale. Vols I, IIa and IIb. Paris,Arthus Bertrand, 1856), but these are hard to access.

Pietro Barile tells some of the traditions in his book Colonizazzione Fascista nella Somalia Meridionale, (1935. Roma: Societa Italiana Arti Grafiche). He is the source for the poem I have quoted.

Modern works are: Cassanelli, Lee.V. The Shaping of Somali Society; Reconstructing the History of a Pastoral People 1600-1900. Philadelphia 1982. Luling, Virginia. Somali Sultanate; the Geledi City-State over 150 Years. London and Piscataway New Jersey, 2002

TAARIKHAHA DIR EE LA AASAY WAXAA UGU WEYN TA BOQORTOYADII BIMAAL IYO KACDOONKOODI AY SOMALIA ISKU DAYEEN IN AY KA XOREEYAN GUMEYSTA NOOC WALBA GAAL, CARAB IYO DABADHILIF SOMAALIYEED

1857 BIMAALKA WAXA AY KU BILAABEEN DAGAAL BOQORTOYADII SICIID BARQASH EE CUMAANIYINTA AHAYD IYAGOO U DIIDAY IN AY DALKA KONFURTIISA BANADIR XUKUMAAN.

SULDAANKA BIMAAL AYAA WAXA UU U DIRAY WARQAD BOQORKA CUMAAN OO UU KU LEYAHAY CARABTU SADEX SIYAABOOD AYAY AFRIKA KU SOO GALAAN: DACWA DIIN FAFIS, ISHTARAK GANACSI AMA FATUUX QABSASHO XOOGA AH. SULDAANKA BIIMAAL WUXUU U SHEEGAY IN CUMAAN DIIN FAFIN KARIN WAAYO WAA CIBADI, GANACSI KA FURI KARIN WAAYO SULDAANKA BIIMAAL FASAX KAMEY HELIN, XOOGNA IN AY WALIGEED SOMAALI CARAB KU QABSAN ISKA DAA DIR E.

1)DACWA- IYAGOO DIIN WADA, WAXA UU CUMAANIDA KU YIRI DIIN IYO DACWA KAA AKHRISAN MEYNO OO WAXAAD TIHIIN (CIBAADIYIIN) IBAADITES WAA MADHAB DALKA CUMAAN KALIYA KA JIRTA OO UU UGU YEERAY MADHAB AAN SAX EHEYN ISAGUNA ISKU TILMAAMAY SHAFICI GAADIRIYA HAYSTA IYO AHMADIYA

2)FATUUXNA DAGAAL CARAB WALIGOOD SOMALI UGAGA MACAASHIN

3)WARQADA WAXAA KU QORNAA IN GANACSI AY KA SAMEYN KARIN CUMAANIDU ISKA DAA QALCADO IN AY KA DHISTAAN IYO HIRZ (FORTES) BIMAALKU CUMAANIDA IN AY DHULKA JOOGAAN WAAY U DIIDEEN XAMAR IYO WARSHEEIKHNA AYAY U CARAREEN. CUMAANIDU WAXA AY ADEEGSADEEN BOQORTOYADA GOBROON OO XUKUMI JIRTAY XAMAR BEELAHA HAWIYE EE DAGA IYO RAXANWEYN. GOBROON WAXA AY KA MID AHAYEEN GALADIGA IYO BEELWEYNTA RAXANWEYN DIGIL.

1890 MAJEERTEENKA TALYAANIGA AYAY ISKU DHIIBEEN- TALYANIGUNA SACIID BARQASH WIILKIISI AYAY KU QANCIYEEN IN AY KA KIREEYAAN GOBOLKA BANAADIR MAADAMA AY XUKUM KARI LA YIHIIN BIYAAMAALKA DARAADOOD. KONFURTA BANAADIR TALYAANIGA AYAA KIREYSATAY OO BILAABAY GOBROONTA IN AY HUBEEYAAN.

SAYID MAXAMMED CABDULLE XASAN XITAA TALYANIGA AYUU ISKU DHIIBAY OO TALEEX AYAA LA SOO DAJIYAY WAXAAN HESHIISKA KU QORNAA IN UU JOOGO ITALIAN SOMALILAND KADIB TALYAANIGU KIREYSTAY.

BIMAALKA SADEX GOBARNATOORE GOVERNERS IYO BOQOLAAL TALYAANIYA AYAY DILEEN. XAFADA XAMAR EE KAAMBO AMXAARO AYUU TALYANIGU KEENAY 4000 OO ASKARI OO ERITERIA LAGA KEENAY, 340 CARABA, IYO 10000 OO CIDANA OO GOBROONTU HOGAMINAYSO. BIMAALKU 21 SANO AYAY TALYAANIGA LA HALGAMEEN. GOOBAHA LAFOOLENA UGU YARAAN 46 ASKARI OO GENERAL SEECHI (CEECHI) KU JIRO AYAY KU DILEEN.

TALYAANGU GOOB TAALA AYAY KA DHISEEN SHALAMBOOD OO LA DHAHO VICTORIA DEL AFRICA AADNA ULA YAABEEN GEESINIMADA IYO XAMASADA MUJAHIDIINTA. XILIGII SIYAAD BARRE IYO DOWLADIHII KA HOREEYAY LAGAMA HADAL HALGANKA BIMAAL OO KA DHEERAA KII SAYID CABDULLE XASAN,XITAA SAYIDKA MARKII UU ISKU DHIIBAY TALYAANIGA EE TALEEX SOO DAGAY BIMAALKU DAGAAL KULUL AYAY KULA JIREEN BEEL AHAAN.

GOBROONTA OO XAMAR, WARKSHEEIKH IYO KONFURTA BANAADIR WAKIILA UGA AHEYD CUMAAN IYO TALYAANIGA DHIBAKANAA KU DHACAY

4. Suldaanadii Gelledi, sida suldaan Maxamud, suldaan Yuusuf, iyo suldaan Axmad.

Haddaanu wax ka xusno labadaas maamul, waxaa jira in Suldaan Axmad Yuusuf (1848-1878) uu ahaa suldaankii ugu dambeeyay xilliyadii wacnaa oo ay taariikhda ku yeelatay boqortooyadii Gelledi. Suldaanku wuxuu ku dhintay kacdoon ay Biyamaalku kaga cabanayeen cadaadiskii siyaasadeed ee maamulkii suldaanku uu ku hayay bulshadii degaanka. Dagaalkaas lagu dilay suldaanka wuxuu ka dhacay meel la yiraahdo Aw-Shaafac oo ku dhow degmada Marka, sanadkii 1847-kii. Suldaan Axmad wuxuu xiriir siyaasadeed iyo mid ganacsiba la lahaa suldaankii Sensibaar oo markaas ka talinayay Xamar. Xiriirkaas oo uu ku helay kaalmo dhaqaale iyo mid ciidan ayaa sababay xasilloonidii maamulkii aabihiis iyo kii awoowihiis. Waxaa kale oo jiray ciidamo reer Sensibaar ah oo ku sugnaa degmooyinka Xamar iyo Marka, kuwaas oo dhinacooda ka cadaadin jiray dadka Soomaalida ah. Heesaha dhaqan galay ee inoo muujinaya cadaadiskaas siyaasadeed ! ! waxaa kamid ah tixdan ay Biyamaalku tiriyeen xilligaas :

Inta askar, inta Axmad

Allow Ilaahoow

Intee aadsaheynaa.

Waxaa kale oo ay taariikhdu reebtay, markii Suldaan Axmad la dilay dabadeed, sheeko dhex martay gabar uu suldaanku dhalay iyo nin Biyamaal ah. Gabadha suldaanku dhalay ayaa magaalada Marka waxay ku aragtay nin Biyamaal ah, markaas baa iyada oo aabaheed waydiinaysa, ayay hees waxay ku tiri :

Shucbaale aan kuu gadaa aad shuun ku xiiratee

Shaqo aan kuu xiraa aad ku shoobtidee

Shood bun aan kuu tumaa aad sharuursatee

Aabow Shooblahayga ma ii sheegi kartaa.

Ninkii Biyamaal, isaga oo gabadhii u jawaabaya ayuu wuxuu yiri :

Shucbaalahaaga ad shuun ku xiiro

Shuqadaada adlee ku shoob

Shantaada bun adlee sharuurso

Aabow shooblahaaga an kuu sheego

Aw-shaafac aa shufta looga gooyey

Humbow waraabaa hambuuqahaayay

Haad boorraa hirrigey ku haayay

Hablahaynaa har-haraatihaayay

Hirka maanyaa hab-dhabow ku haayay.

Codka beesha direed

Politics, Language, and Thought: The Somali Experience

By David D. Laitin

However, enmity continued between them and the Biimaal clan, who had supported the Baardheerans. Yuusuf, once again at the head of an army drawn from many clans, attacked Marka early in 1847; the Biimaal were defeated,and the city surrendered. But the main body of the Biimaal, who lived outside the town, had not submitted to him. The following year, Yuusuf, with his brother Muuse, again gathered an army at Golweyn in order to give battle to them. The two armies met at Cadcadey near Jilib, at midday on Friday the 12 May 1848 (8th of Jumaada II, 1264 AH). We know the exact date because it was recorded by Captain Guillain, who received the news just before he left Somalia. The battle was very bloody, the Geledi were routed, and Yuusuf was killed together with his brother Muuse.

Dhulkii Cadcadey, dhib aa ku dhahayo Nin oon dhimahayn dhulkiis ha joogo.

Bibliography

Pietro Barile tells some of the traditions in his book Colonizazzione Fascista nella Somalia Meridionale, (1935. Roma: Societa Italiana Arti Grafiche). He is the source for the poem I have quoted.

TAARIKHAHA DIR EE LA AASAY WAXAA UGU WEYN TA BOQORTOYADII BIMAAL IYO KACDOONKOODI AY SOMALIA ISKU DAYEEN IN AY KA XOREEYAN GUMEYSTA NOOC WALBA GAAL, CARAB IYO DABADHILIF SOMAALIYEED

1857 BIMAALKA WAXA AY KU BILAABEEN DAGAAL BOQORTOYADII SICIID BARQASH EE CUMAANIYINTA AHAYD IYAGOO U DIIDAY IN AY DALKA KONFURTIISA BANADIR XUKUMAAN.

2)FATUUXNA DAGAAL CARAB WALIGOOD SOMALI UGAGA MACAASHIN

SAYID MAXAMMED CABDULLE XASAN XITAA TALYANIGA AYUU ISKU DHIIBAY OO TALEEX AYAA LA SOO DAJIYAY WAXAAN HESHIISKA KU QORNAA IN UU JOOGO ITALIAN SOMALILAND KADIB TALYAANIGU KIREYSTAY.

GOBROONTA OO XAMAR, WARKSHEEIKH IYO KONFURTA BANAADIR WAKIILA UGA AHEYD CUMAAN IYO TALYAANIGA DHIBAKANAA KU DHACAY

4. Suldaanadii Gelledi, sida suldaan Maxamud, suldaan Yuusuf, iyo suldaan Axmad.

Inta askar, inta Axmad

Allow Ilaahoow

Intee aadsaheynaa.

Shucbaale aan kuu gadaa aad shuun ku xiiratee

Shaqo aan kuu xiraa aad ku shoobtidee

Shood bun aan kuu tumaa aad sharuursatee

Aabow Shooblahayga ma ii sheegi kartaa.

Ninkii Biyamaal, isaga oo gabadhii u jawaabaya ayuu wuxuu yiri :

Shucbaalahaaga ad shuun ku xiiro

Shuqadaada adlee ku shoob

Shantaada bun adlee sharuurso

Aabow shooblahaaga an kuu sheego

Aw-shaafac aa shufta looga gooyey

Humbow waraabaa hambuuqahaayay

Haad boorraa hirrigey ku haayay

Hablahaynaa har-haraatihaayay

Hirka maanyaa hab-dhabow ku haayay.

Codka beesha direed

Dhawaan waxaa lagu wadaadaa in uu ku furmo xarunta gadiidka booliiska ee Magaalada muqdisho anisixidii qabya qoraalka ee looga fadhiyo in ay ansixiyaan ku dhawaad 825 oo ka mid ah odayaasha dhaqanka oo laga kala keeni doono Goboladda Dalka oo dhan, lakiin sida uu sheegay Ugaas Axmed Ugaas Sid Cali Ugaas Xuseen oo ka mid ah Odayaasha Dhaqanka Rasmiga ah ee Beesha Biimaal in uu dareemay in uu ka jiro xafiiska ra’isulwasaaraha is bar baryaac u dhexeeya ugaasyada dhabta ah ee beesha Biimaal iyo ugaasyo macmil ah oo uu ku tilmaamay kuwo gardaro oo ay hoosta ka wadaan xildhibaan iyo wasiir uu ku shegay in ay ka soo horjedaan Ugaasyada dhaqanka ee beesha aqoonsan tahay kuwaas oo kala ah

1. Ugaas Axmed Ugaas Sid Cali Ugaas Xuseen

2. Suldaan Axmed Suldaan Maxamed Cali

3. Iyo Ugaas Faarax Cabdi Shiikh

Imaam Sheekh Xasan Sheekh Nuur Sheekh Axmed

“ Sheekh Xasan Barsane “ ( 1853 – 1927 )Sheekh Xasn Sheekh Nuur Sheekh Axmed oo lo yiqiin Sheekh Xasan Barsane wuxuu dhashay sanadka markuu ahaa 1853, wuxuuna ku dhashay tuulada loo yaqaan Ubaadi oo u jirta qiyaas ilaa 68Km magaalada Jowhar, Gobolka Shabeelaha Dhexe, Soomaaliya.

Hooyadiis waxaa la dhihi jiray Xalima Hilowle Sheekh Xasan wuxuu ka soo jeeday qoys Somaali ah una saxiib ah Diinta Islaamka iyo fardooleey. Aabihii Sheekh Nuur wuxuu ahaa sheekh ka tirsan dariiqooyinka Raxmaaniya. Wuxuu ka dhex muuqday hoggamiyana u ahaa jameecadiisa.Sheekh Xasna Sheekh Nuur Sheekh Axmed wuxuu bartay Qur’aan Kariimka isagoo ya, kuna bartay tuulada Unaadi wuxuuna barashada Diinta Islaamka ku bilaabay isagoo aan weli gaarin 10 jir halkaas oo la shegay in aabihiiis uu mashaa’ikhda Diinta bartaa ugu keenay. Markuu laabtan jirsaday ayeey isaga iyo aabihiis isku raaceen inuu sii kordhisto wax barashadiisa uu doonto iyadoo ay jirtay in aabihii uu mashaa’iikh fara badan ugu keenay halkii ay ku noolaayeen.Shiikhii wuxuu aaday meel walbo oo uu ku tabaayay in cilmi uu yaalo oo uu ka sii kororsas karo meelaha uu cimliga u dontay dalka gudihiisa waxaa ka mid ahaa Mateey Aw Xasan oo ku taala Afgooye iyo Muqdisho. Sheekhu kama uusan zuulin inuu raadiyo cilmi isagoo markaana day dalka dibadiisa sida magalada Marka uu tagay laba jeer oo kala duwan wuxuuna halkaas ku soo gutay xajkii iyo cilmi uu raadinayay, wuxuu halkaas ku maqnaa muddo ka bdan saddex sanadood.Sheekhu waxa uu halkasi kula soo kulmay Sheekh Maxamed Saalax oo sheekha ay dariiqada SAALIXIYADA ka soo jeedo ah.Sheekh Xasan Barsane markii uu ku soo laabty dalka waxaa dalka soo buux dhaafiyay gumeyste kala duwan oo markaas iyo ka horba ku sugnaa dalka tan iyo intii ay dhacday qeybsashadii Afrika ( 1884 ) dalalka reer galbeedak oo ay ugu horeeyeen Ingiriiska, Faransiikam Talyaaniga iyo Boruqiiska aya soo galay dalkeena hooyo ee Somaaliya. Sheekhu wuxuu ka biyo diiday inuyu ku hoos nooaado gumeyste isagoo ka doo biday inuu geeriyoodo isagoo dhawraya sharafta Diinta iyo dalka. Sheekhu wuxuu dhexgalay dadka isagoo jamciyay ciidan firadiisa lagu qiyaasay ilaa laabtan kun ilaa soddon kun ( 20,000 – 30.000). tababar dheer iyo wacyi gelin ka dib sheekha iyo ciidamadisii u kacay difaaca dalka iyo Diinta.Waxaa ay la kulmeen hanjbaad iyo hujuum kaga imaanayay dhanka gumeystaha Talyaaniga oo iyagu markaas heestay dhamman koofurta Soomaaliya iyo Etiopia oo aheyd dalka kali ah ee Afrika kana qeyb galay qeybsashada dalalka Afirca ee Berlin 1884.

Sheekhu dhag jalaq uma siin dhamaan hanjabaadaas iyo baqdin galin taas kaga imaameysay dhanka Gumeystaha gumeystaha Talyaaniga xiligaasi waxaa Soomaaliya wakiil uga ahaa Jeneral la oran jiray Mario Devechio.

Si kastaba ha ahaatee Sheekha wuxuu go’aansaday inuu la dagaalamo.

Waqtigii ayaa dhamaaday waxaa bilowday dagaaladii fool ka foolka ahaa ee Sheekhu la galay gumeysihii. Sheeikha iyo gumeystaha waxay kulmeen marar badan iyagoo dhamaan dagaaladii uu la galay gumeystaha uu halkaasi kaga guuleystay. Waxaana dagaaladii u Sheekha la galay gumeystaha ka xusi karnaa :

· Gumar Sheel ( 1905 ) waxa uu ahaa dagaalkii ugu horeeyay ee uu la galay Amxaardii oo markaas isku dayaysay inay la wareegto dhamaan dhulka Soomaaliyeed iyadoo markaas timid Taytayle

( Balcad ). Waxaa jiray dagaalo kale uu Sheekha la galay Ethiopia ilaa markii danbe ay dalka ka baxaan

Waxaa kaloo ka mid ahaa dagaaladii uu la galay gumeystaha gaar ahan Talyaaniga oo aan ka xusi karno :

1. Dagaalkii Buulo Barde oo dhacay 1922

2. Ceel Dheere 1922 iyo 1923

3. Hilweyne 1923

4. Jiliyaale 1924

5. Hareeriile 1924

Sheekh Xasan Barsane wuxu ku caan baxay inuu ciidanka ka bar bar dagaalamo isago dhiiri galin jiray una sheegi jiray wax yaalaha hadii ay ku dhintaan iyo hadii ay ka bad baadaanba haleyaan waxaan u wadaa Aakhiro iyo Aduun. Dagaaladii faraha badanaa ee uu la galay Sheekha wuxuu ku laayay rag faro badan oo ka tirsanaa gumeystaha oo isugu jiray saraakiil iyo dablay .

Gumeystaha oo ka faa’ideystay maqnaashaha ciidamada Sheekha oo markaas ku maqnaa dagaalo dhinaca Hiiraan ayaa dhabar jabin ka dib waxa ay hareereeyeen xaruntii Sheekha iyagoo adeegsanaaya hubka xiligaa ugu casrisnaa lana yimid ciidan fara baan oo ay ka oo wadeen dhankaas iyo cadan iyo weliba kuwa kale oo ay ka soo ka xeeyeen dalalka kale oo ay gymeysan jireen kuwaas oo ahaa calooshood u shaqeystayaal sida ku cad buugii uu qoray Mario Devechio oo lagu magacaabo ORIZENTO DI IMPERO. Ka bid Sheekha waxaa uu u gacan galay cadowga, waxayna ka dalbadeen inuu ciidamadiisa ku amro inay is dhiibaan, waa uu ka biyo diiday. Si kastaba ha ahaatee gumeystaha ayaa aakhiritankii ku guuleystay inay qabtaan oo ay xabsiga dhigaan Sheikh Xasan Barsane sanadu markay ahayd 1924.

Waxaa Sheekha lagu xabisay xabsiga loo yaqaaney Gaalshiro iyadoo markaasi maxkamada gumeysiga ay ku xukuntay 30 sano oo xarig ah oo ay u dheertahay shaqo adag iyo jirdil. Si kastaba ah ahaatee hadana gumeystaha ayaa ku qanci waayay inay xabisaan oo kaliya waayo Sheekh Xasan Barsane ayaa ahaa caqabadii ugu weyneyd ee ay gumeystaha Talyaaniga kala kulmeyn koonfurta Soomaaliya iyadoo aanba dhihi karno sheekha wuxuu ahaa quwada kali ah ee dagaalo waaweyn kaga hortimid. Talyaaniga ayaa 3 sano ka dib waxay hadana isku dayeen inay dilaan Sheekha iyagoo ay u suuro gashay sanada Markey ahayd 1927 iyado markaasi ay gumeystuhu ku xireen meel god ah oo aan ku filneyn inuu fariisto godkaas ayaa wuxuu lahaa oo kali ah meel yar oo shabaq camal ah oo uu xoogaa wax u neef ah ka qaadan jiray. Intaas oo kali ah ugumaysan simin hadana waxay ugu dareen inay sun ku buufiyaan qolkii uu ku xirnaa waxaana amarkaasi bixiyay KABEELLO sida uu xusay MAXAMED ABDI (Odoyaasha Muqdisho ) oo ka mid ahaa sadexdii Nin ee loo adegsaday inay fuliyaan falkaasi. Ugu danbeyntii Sheekha ayaa ku geeriyooday suntii. Sida ku xusan Orizento Impero iyo TREE ANNI DE IN SOMALIA .Sheekhu wuxuu dhintay taarikhdu mrkey ahayd 13. January 1927. waxaana lagu duugay Qabuuraha Sheekh Suufi oo ku yaalay agagaarka madaxtooyada Soomaaliya waxaana markii danbe loo qaaday oo uu hada ku aasan yahay degmada JILIYAALE oo markii hore Sheekha xarun u ahayd.

Marzo 1902: la Soc. del Benàdir presenta al Parlamento un programma d'azione vasto e coordinato che porta poi all'occupazione di Bardéra e Lugh, l'istituzione di un servizio di trasporti di terra e di mare e un trattato col sultano di Ghelédi. Le forze militari italiane in quel paese sono veramente esigue e costituite solo da locali o yemeniti mercenari costituiti in bande comandate da Italiani e da eritrei. Due anni dopo, la crisi commerciale della Società del Benadir e la politica restrittiva italiana che prendeva provvedimenti contro la schiavitù delle tribù arabe della costa, portò al primo scontro con la fazione dei Bimal nella zona di Merca. Nostre accuse di schiavismo ritenute infondate e timori d'invasione del Mùllah portano alla risoluzione della convenzione con la Soc. del Benàdir. Di fatto, però l'Italia s'era sostituita alla Società già da alcuni mesi. Nei successivi quattro anni si conteranno altre due guerre contro questa Tribù.

13 Gennaio 1905: accordo tra Italia e Inghilterra (che rappresentava "tout court !!!" il sultano di Zanzibàr). L'Italia riscatta i quattro scali somali in cambio di un compenso forfettario di 144.000 sterline destinate al governo di Zanzibàr. Con un altro accordo, l'Inghilterra affitta all'Italia un appezzamento di terreno nella baia di Chisimàio. Il terreno è destinato alla costruzione di uno sbarcatoio e di magazzini merci. Nello stesso anno è proclamata la colonia italiana della Somalia (a nordest e sud).

26 Agosto 1905: vittoria italiana a Gilìb contro i ribelli Bimàl, contrari ad abolizione e repressione della schiavitù (per le tribù guerriere rastrellare le zone più inesplorate a caccia di schiavi per gli arabi era un "Business".

06 Febbraio 1907: sulla costa fra Mérca e Mogadìscio è previsto un concentramento di ribelli Bimàl; per impedirlo, 2 colonne (600 ascari comandati dal Ten. Streva e 4 sottotenenti) muovono dalle città e disperdono i ribelli ritirandosi poi a Danàne.

Settembre 1907: Menelik invia dall'Etiopia una spedizione per estorcere tributi. Dopo essere stata respinta una prima volta dagli uomini del Mullah, riesce a raggiungere i pozzi di Berdalè presso Lugh dando inizio ad una serie di razzie. I capitani Bongiovanni e Molinari con 300 uomini decidono di intervenire per ottenere pacificamente la restituzione del bottino. Raggiunta Bahallè sono costretti allo scontro dagli abissini e vi trovano la morte. Gli eccessi compiuti nelle razzie verranno puniti dallo stesso Menelik. In seguito a questi fatti si conclude ad Addis Abeba un trattato per la delimitazione dei confini tra Etiopia e colonia Somala. In pratica però i confini furono fissati solo da Dòlo (a sud) a Lét. Il problema dei confini, che comprendeva anche l'Ogaden, resterà sospeso e sarà una palla al piede della diplomazia italiana e causa di guerra per noi e dopo di noi.

15 Dicembre 1907-02 Marzo 1908: il cap. Vitali alla testa di 500 ascari batte a Dongàb i ribelli Bimàl, tornati all'azione contro l'estendersi dell'occupazione italiana. L'azione è sostenuta dalla Regia Nave "Staffetta", con la cooperazione della R.N. "Volta, che dal mare disperdono a cannonate i ribelli presso Danàne.

11-12 Luglio 1908: la spedizione guidata dal magg. Antonino Di Giorgio libera Mérca, minacciata dai ribelli. Scontro a Merére tra i ribelli e gli uomini di Di Giorgio (Sarà generale nella grande guerra quando comanderà il corpo d'armata speciale di copertura della ritirata da Caporetto) che sono costretti ad incendiare il villaggio ed in seguito ad occupare Afgòi. Il sultano di Ghelédi con 5000 armati si sottomette all'Italia.

01 Agosto 1912: gli italiani occupano Uànle Uén mentre gli inglesi combattono ferocemente contro gli uomini del Mullah che stanno dilagando nel Somaliland. Questi era un ribelle, che passerà alla storia col nome di Mad Mullah “Mullah Matto” noto ai somali come Sayed Mohamed Abdulla Hassan. Tenne impegnate per oltre un trentennio (1889/1920) soprattutto le forze britanniche del Somaliland, ma diede molti fastidi militari, fino alla sua morte, anche alla colonia italiana. Gli strascichi della guerra Italo-Turca coinvolgono anche piccoli scontri a Balad (gennaio 1912) e Scidle (marzo 1912)

19 Giugno 1913: truppe italiane a Bur Acaba e ad Iscia Baidòa.

Febbraio 1920: la grande offensiva inglese contro il Mullah termina con la fuga di quest'ultimo nel nostro territorio del Nogàl. Egli morirà presso Imi nell'alto Uébi nel 1921. In Italia intanto viene costituita a Milano la Società Agricola Italo-Somala su iniziativa di S.A.R. il Duca degli Abruzzi.

15 Luglio 1924 Convenzione di Londra: l'Inghilterra cede il Jubaland all'Italia come compenso post-bellico (per non aver partecipato alla spartizione delle colonie tedesche ?). Nel luglio dell'anno successivo iniziano le operazioni per l'occupazione del Jubaland sotto il Commissariato Generale dell'Oltregiuba. La Somalia non diventerà mai una colonia di popolamento, anzi la capitale Mogadiscio non arriverà mai alle dimensioni "italiane" di Asmara, arrivando a contare, al massimo dell'immigrazione italiana, non più di 10.000 italiani.

Beesha Biyamaal oo sheegtay inay taageersantahay maamulka Banaad ir State, waxba kama jiraanna ku warar sheegayey…

Kulan balaaran oo ay shalay ku yeesheen magaalada Muqdisho qeybaha kala duwan ee beesha Biimaal ayaa waxay uga hadleen hadal dhawaan ka soo yeeray xubno kale oo sheegay inay ka tirsanyihiin beesha Biyamaal oo ka soo horjeestay maamulka Banaadir State, waxayna sheegeen qeybaha kala duwan ee kulankii ka qeybgalay in dadkaasi aysan metelin beeshooda, beeshuna dhamaateed ay taageersantahay dowlad goboleedka Banaadir State.

Kulanka ayaa waxaa ka qeybgalay Wasiirkii hore ee Gaashaandhigga dowladda KMG, Xildhibaano ka socday dowladda KMG Soomaaliya iyo Culimaa’udiin, Siyaasiyiin, Odayaal iyo qeybahaka duwan ee beesha Biyamaal ayaa waxaa lagu sheegay in beeshu ay taageersantahay maamulka Banaadir State, kuwa sheegaya inay ka soo horjeedaana aysan metelin beesha sida ay yiraahdeen.

Afhayeenka Madaxtooyada ahna Xildhibaan ka mid ah Baarlamaanka Banaadir State ayaa ka warbixiyay u jeedka kulanka waxuuna yiri

“Aniga oo ku hadlaya magaca Banaadir State kana soo jeeda Beelaha Biimaal waxaa xaq u leenahay inaan ka talino aayaha dalkeena iyo dadkeena, waxaana dan u aragnay inaan Xildhibaano ka noqono Ismaamul goboleedka Banaadir State, beesha Biyaamaal-na si buuxda ayey u taargeersantahay maamulka Banaadir State, sidoo kale waxaa ka soo horjeednaa hadalo ka soo yeeray dad u dhashay beesha Biimaal oo la marin habaabiyey inaan u aqli celino, una sharaxno ujeedada fog ee laga leeyahay Banaadir State” ayuu yiri Afhayeenka Madaxtooyada ahna Xildhibaan ka mid ah Baarlamaanka Banaadir State.

Sidoo kale waxaa kulanka ka hadlay AVV Xasan Subeer Aadan oo ah mid ka mid ah Xildhibaanada Baarlamaanka dowlada KMG Soomaaliya, waxaana uu yiri “Iyadoo shacabkii uu dhistay maamul danahooda ka shaeeya ayey haddana Xukuumadd waxay leedahay ma aqoonsai maamulka Banaadir State, taasi micnaheed waxay tahay sharci ma jiro”.

Short URL: http://www.somaaljecel.com/wp/?p=7395

Islam Women For Dating

Qoraal u soo saaray Suldaanka Beesha Biimaal

Mogadishu, Khamiis, July 26, 2007 SMC .

Ku: Shir guddoonka shirka dib u heshiinta beelaha

Soomaaliya Md Cali Mahdi Maxamed

Og: Madaxweynaha Soomaaliya Md Cabdullahi Yusuf Axmed

Og: Guddoomiyaha Barlamaanka Soomaaliya Sheekh Aadan Madoobe.

Og: Ra'iisalwasaraha Somaaliya Prof Cali Maxamed Geeddi

Og. Martigeliyaha Shirka dib u heshiisiinta beelaha

Soomaaliya Imaam Maxamuud Imaam Cumar.

Og. Dhammaan odey dhaqameedyada beelaha Soomaaliyeed

Marka 25/07/2007

Ujeeddo: BEESHA BIIMAAL OO AAN LAGU CASUUMIN KA QAYB GALKA SHIRKA DIB U

HESHIINTA BEELAHA SOOMAALIYEED

Salaan diirran ka dib, anigoo ah Suldaanka beesha Biimaal Suldaan Axmed Suldaan Maxamed

waxaan idin soo gudbinayaa qoraalka hoos ku qoran:

1.Waxaan idin ogeysiinaya in beesha Biimaal aan lagu marti qaadin shirka dib u heshiisiinta beelaha

Soomaaliyeed oo haddeer ka socda magaalada Xamar, anigoo ah madax dhaqmeedka muctarafka ah ee beesha Biimaal (Decretato1956) oo aan la i soo gaarsiinin warqadda martiqaadka ka soo qaybgalka shirka dib u heshiisiinta, Siday horey u sheegeen madaxda qabanqaabiyaasha shirka waxay ahayd in dhamaan duubabka beelaha la gaarsiiyo waraaqaha martiqaadka ka hor taariikhda qabashada shirka.

2-Waxaan idin ogeysiinaya in shir guddonka shirka dib u heshiisiinta uu u oggolaaday in shirka ay ka qaybgalaan shaqsiyaad rasmi ahaan wakiil ka aheyn Beesha biimaal oo ay magacaabeen qaar ka mid ah siyaasiinta beeshaan. Shaqsiyaadkaas oo siyaasiinta ay ku sheegeen xilal aan waxba ka jirin sida Suldaan iyo Ugaas oo aysan hore u ahayn. Midda siyaasiinta ku magacaabayaan ergada beelaha shirka uga qayb galayo waa arrin si cad u qilaafsan mabaadii'da lagu saleeyey qabashada shirka, maadaama magacaabidda ergada beelaha uu ahaa xil u gaar ah duubabka beelaha.

3-Haddaba waxaan codsanaynaa in si dhaqsi ah naloo soo gaarsiiyo waraaqaha martiqaadka rasmiga ah si beesha Biimaal ay uga qayb qaadato dib u heshiisiinta iyo xalinta mashaakilaadka dhex yaalla beelaha Soomaaliyeed.

4-Waxaan idin ogeysiinayna in haddii sida loo wada sameeyey dhammaan beelaha kale, beesha Biimaal an la soo gaarsiinin martiqaadka ka soo qeyb galka shirka ayadoo loo soo marsiiinayo madax dhaqmeedka saxa ah oo la aqoonsanyahay sida beelaha kale, in beeshaan aysan aqoonsandoonin natiijooyinka ka soo baxa shirkaan madaama si xaq darra ah looga hor istaagay inay kaga qayb gasho shirka ergo si nadaamsan loo soo magacaabay sida uu horey u sheegay guddoomiyaha shirka Md Cali Mahdi Maxamed.

Wabillahi Towfiiq.

Suldaan Axmed Suldaan Maxamed

_____________________________

Email: sultanbiimaal@yahoo.com

Tel: 002521-676064 / 5570910

Somaliweyn Media Center (SMC)
Muqdisho Somalia

Beelaha Dir waxaa hayaankan uga qayb qaatay reerka Biyamaal oo sida sheekooyinka lagu hayo ka soo guuray gobollada waqooyi bartamihii qarnigii 18-aad. Waxaa la tilmaamaa in ay sababtu ahayd gar-colaadeed oo lagu heshiisiinayay iyaga iyo beesha Gadubiirsay oo uu dagaal xumi dhex maray. Gartaas oo ay galeen odeyaal u dhashay beelaha Isaaq iyo Ciise ayaa Biyamaalku waxay ka tirsadeen in laga eexday. Markaas baa reerihii Biyamaal waxay guddoonsadeen talo uu xargihii reerku u dhamaa oo ahayd in ay degaanka isaga guuraan. Adeerow inkasta oo waddadii ay Biyamaalku soo raaceen aanan sheekooyinka lagu xusin, misana waxaa la hubaa in hayaankoodii ay ku soo fureen koonfurta webiga Shabeele, halkaas oo illaa maanta ay degan yihiin. Xilligaas waxaa ay degaanka ugu yimaadeen beesha Gelledi oo lahayd maamul siyaasadeed oo hanaqaad ahaa. Labada Beelood (Gelledi iyo Biyamaal) dagaalo badan ayaa dhex maray, kuwaas oo ay Biyamaalku ku dileen saddex suldaan oo Gelledi ahaa oo is dhalay (suldaa! ! n Maxamuud, suldaan Yuusuf iyo suldaan Axmad). Socdaalkii Biyamaal intaas kuma hakan ee qaybo beesha kamid ah ayaa koonfur u sii kacay oo gobolka Jubada-Hoose ku hakaday. Qolyihii koonfurta aaday ayaa dhexdoodii colaadi ka aloosantay. Dabadeed jifi kamid ahayd baa waxay u tallaabeen bulshooyinka Baantuuga ah ee ku dhaqan gobolka waqooyi-bari iyo bariga dalka Keenya halkaas oo ay ku milmeen dadyowgii ay u tageen. Adeerow xus oo beelo kamid ah reeraha la yiraahdo Reendiille ee ku nool yuulada Mkunuumbi oo ka tirsan degmada Laamo waxaa la rumaysan yahay in ay yihiin dadyowgii kuushiitiga ahaa ee ku noolaa koonfurta Banaadir. Sheeko-dhaqameedyada reeraha Biyamaal waxaa ku xusan in qayb kamid ah reeraha Reendiille ay yihiin dad iyaga ka tegey oo absaxankooda la garanayo. Dadkaasi waxay ku tageen dagaal ay jifiyadii Biyamaal isugu tageen. Magaca reerka tegey waa Kalafoow, absaxankooduna wuxuu gelayaa Sacad oo ah jifi Biyamaal kamid ah.

Dhaqdhaqaaqii ganacsatada reer Cumaan wuxuu raad ku yeeshay qaybo kamid ah gobollada Soomaaliya. Saldanaddii beesha Gelledi ayaa xilligii ay is-beddelayeen labadii qarni, kii 18-aad iyo kii 19-aad, waxay yeelatay maamul hanaqaaday. Saldanaddaas oo xarunteedu ahayd degmada Afgooye ayaa waxay xiriir la lahayd maamulkii ka jiray magaalada Xamar. Xilligii suldaan Yuusuf oo qiyaastii ku beegan 1812-kii - 1845-kii ayaa saldanaddu xoogowday. Waxaa ballaartay dhulka uu ku baahay ganacsigii saldanadda. Dekadda Xamar ayaa waxaa laga dhoofin jiray dalayga ka soo go´a beeraha reerka Gelledi iyo xubnaha dugaagga. Reerku waxay dekadda kala soo degi jireen waxyaabaha ay dibadda uga baahnaayeen oo dharku uu kamid ahaa. Waxaa kale oo ay soo dhoofsan jireen dadka addoomada ah, kuwaas oo beeraha ka shaqayn jiray. Adeerow waxaa xusan, sanadihii u dhexeeyay 1820-kii iyo 1840-kii, dekadaha Xamar iyo Marka in sanad walba lagala soo degi jiray dad gaaraya 10.000 oo addoomo ah.

Adeer ! wakhti ku dhow xilliga ay Biyamaalku hayaameen ayaa galbeedka Soomaaliya waxaa iyaguna ka soo kacay beelo kamid ah reeraha Kablalax (Ogaadeen). Beelahaas waxaa kamid ahaa , Maqaabil, Cawlyahan, jifiyo kamid ah reerka Maxamd Subayr iyo Caabud-waaq oo kamid ah jifiyada Talamuge. Geediga reerkan wuxuu soo maray gobolka Bay. Sida ay isku raaceen da´wayntii sheekooyinkan laga wariyay, muddo sanado ah ayay halkaas ku sugnaayeen. Dabadeed waxay u soo tallaabeen degaanka Jilib, halkaas oo ay ka samaysteen saldhig ay ka sahan sadaan degaanka.

Waxaa jira sheekooyin tilmaamaya in beelaha soomaaliyeed ay si wadajir ah ula dirireen dadkii Baantuuga ahaa ee ku noolaa degaanka Juba, arrintaasi waxay xoojinaysaa aragtida oranaysa in beelaha soo hayaamay ay isugu yimaadeen degaanka Jilib oo markaas ahayd degaan Tunni. Oday la yiraahdo Xasan Ribadle oo Ogaadeen ah, kana mid ah facihii dambe ee ka qayb qaatay hayaankii ay beeshu ku degtay dhulka Juba ayaa wuxuu tilmaamay sababta uu u qaxay in ay ahayd colaadaha reerka dhexdiisa ka socday. Xasna ayaa muddo laga joogo 150 sano wuxuu tiriyay tix gabay oo uu ku tilmaamayo sababta uu u qaxay, wuxuuna yiri :

Jiilaalkan ruuga ah waxaan Raari uga guuray

Oon ramashe doogoobay iyo roob la sugi waayay

Reer Caraale uun baan ka tegi ruun colowgiisa

Warankay ridahayaan ayuu ruuxda iga goyne

Ama towbaday iga raddiyi oo raq baan dhigiye

Biimaal defeat King of Gelledi ending the Kingdom and Yusuf and 2 sons perish in anti Bimal Campaigns

Dhulkii Cadcadey, dhib aa ku dhahayo Nin oon dhimahayn dhulkiis ha joogo.

HISTORY OF THE GELEDI. 2. SULDAAN YUUSUF MAXAMUUD IBRAAHIM about 1800-1848)

Dhulkii Cadcadey, dhib aa ku dhahayo Nin oon dhimahayn dhulkiis ha joogo.

Bibliography

Pietro Barile tells some of the traditions in his book Colonizazzione Fascista nella Somalia Meridionale, (1935. Roma: Societa Italiana Arti Grafiche). He is the source for the poem I have quoted.

The Somali Dir Clan's History: Codka Beesha Direed

Tuesday, September 4, 2012

Qoraalo Tarikho Ku Saabsan Beesha Bimaal - Geledi iyo Halgankii Biyamaal iyo Talyaniga

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